LEHNINGER PRINCIPLES OF BIOCHEMISTRY
DAVID REVISION HANDBOOK 2026 ENERGY
METABOLISM AND BIOCHEMICAL REACTIONS
◉ carbohydrate. Answer: A polyhydroxy aldehyde or ketone, or
substance that yields such a compound on hydrolysis. Many
carbohydrates have the empirical formula (CH₂O)ₙ; some also
contain nitrogen, phosphorus, or sulfur.
◉ monosaccharide. Answer: A carbohydrate consisting of a single
sugar unit.
◉ oligosaccharide. Answer: Several monosaccharide groups joined
by glycosidic bonds.
◉ disaccharide. Answer: A carbohydrate consisting of two covalently
joined monosaccharide units.
◉ polysaccharide. Answer: A linear or branched polymer of
monosaccharide units linked by glycosidic bonds.
, ◉ aldose. Answer: A simple sugar in which the carbonyl carbon
atom is an aldehyde; that is, the carbonyl carbon is at one end of the
carbon chain.
◉ ketose. Answer: A simple monosaccharide in which the carbonyl
group is a ketone.
◉ Fischer projection forumlas. Answer: A method for representing
molecules that shows the configuration of groups around chiral
centers; also known as projection formulas.
◉ epimers. Answer: Two stereoisomers differing in configuration at
one asymmetric center in a compound having two or more
asymmetric centers.
◉ hemiacetal. Answer: A compound that results from the addition of
an alcohol to an aldehyde.
◉ hemiketal. Answer: A compound that results from the addition of
an alcohol to a ketone.
◉ anomers. Answer: Two stereoisomers of a given sugar that differ
only in the configuration about the carbonyl (anomeric) carbon
atom)
DAVID REVISION HANDBOOK 2026 ENERGY
METABOLISM AND BIOCHEMICAL REACTIONS
◉ carbohydrate. Answer: A polyhydroxy aldehyde or ketone, or
substance that yields such a compound on hydrolysis. Many
carbohydrates have the empirical formula (CH₂O)ₙ; some also
contain nitrogen, phosphorus, or sulfur.
◉ monosaccharide. Answer: A carbohydrate consisting of a single
sugar unit.
◉ oligosaccharide. Answer: Several monosaccharide groups joined
by glycosidic bonds.
◉ disaccharide. Answer: A carbohydrate consisting of two covalently
joined monosaccharide units.
◉ polysaccharide. Answer: A linear or branched polymer of
monosaccharide units linked by glycosidic bonds.
, ◉ aldose. Answer: A simple sugar in which the carbonyl carbon
atom is an aldehyde; that is, the carbonyl carbon is at one end of the
carbon chain.
◉ ketose. Answer: A simple monosaccharide in which the carbonyl
group is a ketone.
◉ Fischer projection forumlas. Answer: A method for representing
molecules that shows the configuration of groups around chiral
centers; also known as projection formulas.
◉ epimers. Answer: Two stereoisomers differing in configuration at
one asymmetric center in a compound having two or more
asymmetric centers.
◉ hemiacetal. Answer: A compound that results from the addition of
an alcohol to an aldehyde.
◉ hemiketal. Answer: A compound that results from the addition of
an alcohol to a ketone.
◉ anomers. Answer: Two stereoisomers of a given sugar that differ
only in the configuration about the carbonyl (anomeric) carbon
atom)
