DEVELOPING THE CHEMICAL PROCESS INDUSTRY
This is an industry whose principal products are manufactured by
processes based on the chemical, physical, mathematical and biological
principles, which are included in the field of Chemical Engineering.
Most processes involve Chemical change which involves chemical
reactions, physico-chemical change, related mechanical changes.
A typical Chemical Industry consists of Raw materials sourcing,
Manufacturing plants and Distribution facilities.
Some of these Industries include,
- Inorganic Chemicals (sulphuric acid – paints, explosives,
fertilizers, chemicals etc; sodium hydroxide – pulp and paper,
soap, metal processing, chemicals etc)
- Organic Chemicals (ethanol – for antifreeze, solvent etc)
- Petroleum and Petrochemicals (gasoline – for fuel, kerosene – for
fuel, oils – for lubricating and heating, styrene – for synthetic
rubber, plastics etc)
- Pulp and Paper (paper – for books, records, newspaper etc;
Cardboard – for boxes; Fibreboard – for building materials)
- Pigment and Paint (zinc oxide, titanium dioxide, carbon black, iron
oxides – for pigments, plastics, ceramics, linoleum etc; Resins –
for vanishes, as Enamel constituents)
- Rubber (natural and synthetic rubbers – for automobile tyres,
footwear, insulation etc)
- Plastic (polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride etc – for various uses)
- Synthetic Fibre (Nylon, ployesters – for cloth and clothing)
- Mineral (Glass, Ceramics – for Windows, Containers, Bricks, pipe
etc)
- Cleansing Agent (Synthetic detergents etc – for Household and
Industrial cleaning)
- Biochemical (Pharmaceuticals, insecticides,
Disinfectants; Drugs – for Health and Medicinal
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, applications, Food supplements)
- Metal (Steel, Copper, Aluminium etc – for Building materials,
Machinery etc; Uranium – for Nuclear fuel)
- Electronic communication (insulators, conductors)
OPEN AND CLOSED SYSTEMS
An open system is a system that has external interactions. - Such
interactions can take the form of energy, or material transfers into or out
of the system boundary,
- It can allow mass as well as energy to flow through it's boundaries.
- It freely exchanges energy and matter with its surroundings.
- It is also known as a constant volume system or a flow system.
Example 1: Consider a gas in a metallic cylinder closed at one end. If the
cylinder is open at the other end, the gas in cylinder is an example of an
2
,open system. This is because both matter and energy can be exchanged
by the gas inside with the surrounding exterior
Example 2: an open cup of coffee.
3
, A closed system allows only energy transfer but no transfer of mass. A
closed system can exchange energy (as heat or work) Example: a cup of
coffee with a lid on it, or a simple water bottle.
For a simple system, with only one type of particle (atom or molecule),
- a closed system amounts to a constant number of particles.
- For systems where chemical reactions occur, there may be all kinds of
molecules being generated and destroyed by the reaction process.
- In this case, the total number of each elemental atom is conserved, no
matter what kind of molecule it may be a part of. For such a system, the
following equation holds:
where
is the number of j-type molecules,
is the number of atoms of element i in molecule j and
bi is the total number of atoms of element i in the system, which remains
constant, since the system is closed.
There will be one such equation for each different element in the system.
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This is an industry whose principal products are manufactured by
processes based on the chemical, physical, mathematical and biological
principles, which are included in the field of Chemical Engineering.
Most processes involve Chemical change which involves chemical
reactions, physico-chemical change, related mechanical changes.
A typical Chemical Industry consists of Raw materials sourcing,
Manufacturing plants and Distribution facilities.
Some of these Industries include,
- Inorganic Chemicals (sulphuric acid – paints, explosives,
fertilizers, chemicals etc; sodium hydroxide – pulp and paper,
soap, metal processing, chemicals etc)
- Organic Chemicals (ethanol – for antifreeze, solvent etc)
- Petroleum and Petrochemicals (gasoline – for fuel, kerosene – for
fuel, oils – for lubricating and heating, styrene – for synthetic
rubber, plastics etc)
- Pulp and Paper (paper – for books, records, newspaper etc;
Cardboard – for boxes; Fibreboard – for building materials)
- Pigment and Paint (zinc oxide, titanium dioxide, carbon black, iron
oxides – for pigments, plastics, ceramics, linoleum etc; Resins –
for vanishes, as Enamel constituents)
- Rubber (natural and synthetic rubbers – for automobile tyres,
footwear, insulation etc)
- Plastic (polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride etc – for various uses)
- Synthetic Fibre (Nylon, ployesters – for cloth and clothing)
- Mineral (Glass, Ceramics – for Windows, Containers, Bricks, pipe
etc)
- Cleansing Agent (Synthetic detergents etc – for Household and
Industrial cleaning)
- Biochemical (Pharmaceuticals, insecticides,
Disinfectants; Drugs – for Health and Medicinal
1
, applications, Food supplements)
- Metal (Steel, Copper, Aluminium etc – for Building materials,
Machinery etc; Uranium – for Nuclear fuel)
- Electronic communication (insulators, conductors)
OPEN AND CLOSED SYSTEMS
An open system is a system that has external interactions. - Such
interactions can take the form of energy, or material transfers into or out
of the system boundary,
- It can allow mass as well as energy to flow through it's boundaries.
- It freely exchanges energy and matter with its surroundings.
- It is also known as a constant volume system or a flow system.
Example 1: Consider a gas in a metallic cylinder closed at one end. If the
cylinder is open at the other end, the gas in cylinder is an example of an
2
,open system. This is because both matter and energy can be exchanged
by the gas inside with the surrounding exterior
Example 2: an open cup of coffee.
3
, A closed system allows only energy transfer but no transfer of mass. A
closed system can exchange energy (as heat or work) Example: a cup of
coffee with a lid on it, or a simple water bottle.
For a simple system, with only one type of particle (atom or molecule),
- a closed system amounts to a constant number of particles.
- For systems where chemical reactions occur, there may be all kinds of
molecules being generated and destroyed by the reaction process.
- In this case, the total number of each elemental atom is conserved, no
matter what kind of molecule it may be a part of. For such a system, the
following equation holds:
where
is the number of j-type molecules,
is the number of atoms of element i in molecule j and
bi is the total number of atoms of element i in the system, which remains
constant, since the system is closed.
There will be one such equation for each different element in the system.
4
