HCR 240 Final Actual Exam Questions
And Answers Practice Questions with
Solutions Newest | Already Graded
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Cellular Adaptation, Injury & Neoplasia (1–12)
1. Q: A 60-year-old smoker develops a non-productive cough and
weight loss. A lung biopsy shows disorganized cells with large
hyperchromatic nuclei. Which term best describes this finding?
A: Anaplasia
Rationale: Anaplasia refers to a lack of differentiation in cancer
cells, characterized by pleomorphism, hyperchromatic nuclei, and
disorganized growth.
2. Q: Following a myocardial infarction, cardiac muscle cells die
and are replaced by fibrous scar tissue. This process is an example
of:
A: Replacement fibrosis
Rationale: After irreversible injury, necrotic tissue is replaced by
collagen. This is not regeneration because cardiac muscle has
limited regenerative capacity.
3. Q: A patient with chronic kidney disease has decreased red
blood cell production. What cellular adaptation is occurring in the
peritubular interstitial cells of the kidney?
A: Atrophy
Rationale: Loss of nephron mass and reduced erythropoietin
production lead to cellular atrophy and decreased function.
,4. Q: Which of the following is an example of pathologic
hyperplasia?
A: Endometrial hyperplasia due to unopposed estrogen
Rationale: Pathologic hyperplasia is an abnormal increase in cell
number, such as endometrial hyperplasia predisposing to cancer.
5. Q: A liver biopsy from a chronic alcoholic shows enlarged
hepatocytes with granular, pink cytoplasm. These cells are called:
A: Mallory bodies
Rationale: Mallory bodies are eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusions
in hepatocytes, indicative of alcohol-induced liver injury.
6. Q: The most significant difference between apoptosis and
necrosis is:
A: Apoptosis does not elicit inflammation; necrosis does.
Rationale: Apoptosis is programmed cell death with membrane
integrity preserved, preventing inflammation. Necrosis causes cell
lysis and inflammatory response.
7. Q: A patient’s tumor biopsy describes “well-differentiated cells
resembling normal tissue.” This tumor is likely:
A: Benign (low grade)
Rationale: Well-differentiated cells are characteristic of benign
tumors or low-grade malignancies. Poor differentiation suggests
high-grade cancer.
8. Q: What is the hallmark of irreversible cell injury?
A: Severe mitochondrial swelling and rupture of lysosomes
Rationale: Irreversible injury is marked by massive calcium influx,
mitochondrial dysfunction, and lysosomal enzyme release.
, 9. Q: Which type of necrosis is most likely in the brain following a
stroke?
A: Liquefactive necrosis
Rationale: The brain has high lipid and water content; dead tissue
is digested by hydrolytic enzymes, forming a liquid viscous mass.
10. Q: A patient with chronic gastroesophageal reflux develops
esophageal columnar metaplasia. This condition is called:
A: Barrett’s esophagus
Rationale: Squamous to columnar metaplasia in the esophagus is
a protective adaptation but increases risk for adenocarcinoma.
11. Q: A 45-year-old female has a breast lump. Fine-needle
aspiration shows sheets of uniform, small cells with
salt-and-pepper chromatin. Which tumor is most likely?
A: Carcinoid tumor
Rationale: Salt-and-pepper chromatin is characteristic of
neuroendocrine tumors such as carcinoid.
12. Q: The term “dysplasia” refers to:
A: Disordered cellular growth with loss of uniformity and
architectural orientation
Rationale: Dysplasia is a pre-neoplastic change often reversible
but can progress to carcinoma.
Inflammation & Immunity (13–28)
13. Q: Which cell type is the first to arrive at an acute
inflammatory site?
And Answers Practice Questions with
Solutions Newest | Already Graded
A+
Cellular Adaptation, Injury & Neoplasia (1–12)
1. Q: A 60-year-old smoker develops a non-productive cough and
weight loss. A lung biopsy shows disorganized cells with large
hyperchromatic nuclei. Which term best describes this finding?
A: Anaplasia
Rationale: Anaplasia refers to a lack of differentiation in cancer
cells, characterized by pleomorphism, hyperchromatic nuclei, and
disorganized growth.
2. Q: Following a myocardial infarction, cardiac muscle cells die
and are replaced by fibrous scar tissue. This process is an example
of:
A: Replacement fibrosis
Rationale: After irreversible injury, necrotic tissue is replaced by
collagen. This is not regeneration because cardiac muscle has
limited regenerative capacity.
3. Q: A patient with chronic kidney disease has decreased red
blood cell production. What cellular adaptation is occurring in the
peritubular interstitial cells of the kidney?
A: Atrophy
Rationale: Loss of nephron mass and reduced erythropoietin
production lead to cellular atrophy and decreased function.
,4. Q: Which of the following is an example of pathologic
hyperplasia?
A: Endometrial hyperplasia due to unopposed estrogen
Rationale: Pathologic hyperplasia is an abnormal increase in cell
number, such as endometrial hyperplasia predisposing to cancer.
5. Q: A liver biopsy from a chronic alcoholic shows enlarged
hepatocytes with granular, pink cytoplasm. These cells are called:
A: Mallory bodies
Rationale: Mallory bodies are eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusions
in hepatocytes, indicative of alcohol-induced liver injury.
6. Q: The most significant difference between apoptosis and
necrosis is:
A: Apoptosis does not elicit inflammation; necrosis does.
Rationale: Apoptosis is programmed cell death with membrane
integrity preserved, preventing inflammation. Necrosis causes cell
lysis and inflammatory response.
7. Q: A patient’s tumor biopsy describes “well-differentiated cells
resembling normal tissue.” This tumor is likely:
A: Benign (low grade)
Rationale: Well-differentiated cells are characteristic of benign
tumors or low-grade malignancies. Poor differentiation suggests
high-grade cancer.
8. Q: What is the hallmark of irreversible cell injury?
A: Severe mitochondrial swelling and rupture of lysosomes
Rationale: Irreversible injury is marked by massive calcium influx,
mitochondrial dysfunction, and lysosomal enzyme release.
, 9. Q: Which type of necrosis is most likely in the brain following a
stroke?
A: Liquefactive necrosis
Rationale: The brain has high lipid and water content; dead tissue
is digested by hydrolytic enzymes, forming a liquid viscous mass.
10. Q: A patient with chronic gastroesophageal reflux develops
esophageal columnar metaplasia. This condition is called:
A: Barrett’s esophagus
Rationale: Squamous to columnar metaplasia in the esophagus is
a protective adaptation but increases risk for adenocarcinoma.
11. Q: A 45-year-old female has a breast lump. Fine-needle
aspiration shows sheets of uniform, small cells with
salt-and-pepper chromatin. Which tumor is most likely?
A: Carcinoid tumor
Rationale: Salt-and-pepper chromatin is characteristic of
neuroendocrine tumors such as carcinoid.
12. Q: The term “dysplasia” refers to:
A: Disordered cellular growth with loss of uniformity and
architectural orientation
Rationale: Dysplasia is a pre-neoplastic change often reversible
but can progress to carcinoma.
Inflammation & Immunity (13–28)
13. Q: Which cell type is the first to arrive at an acute
inflammatory site?
