PORTAGE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY MODULE 6
FINAL PAPER QUESTIONS ANSWERS
COMPLETE SOLUTION VIEW AHEAD
SUCCESS STRATEGY
●● Describe the meninges and their function.
Answer: The meninges are connective tissue sheaths that surround the
brain and spinal cord.
pia mater: is the innermost layer of the meninges. It is thin and delicate
and contains surface level blood vessels that perfuse the brain and spinal
cord.
arachnoid layer: second layer. It encases the entire CNS and is delicate,
nonvascular, and waterproof. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) circulates in an
area just below the arachnoid layer called the subarachnoid space.
dura mater: outermost layer. strong, continuous connective tissue sheath
that provides the brain and spinal cord with most of its protection.
●● Describe how CSF is produced and its function.
Answer: CSF serves as a cushion for the brain and spinal cord protecting
them from outside physical force. It maintains a constant ionic
environment that allows for the diffusion of essential nutrients,
,electrolytes, and metabolic waste products into the extracellular fluid
surrounding the CNS neurons.
A thin layer of neuroglial cells, ependyma, line the ventricles of the
brain and the central canal of the spinal cord. Specialized ependymal
cells called the choroid plexus project into the ventricles and produce
CSF.
●● cranial nerves and functions
Answer: olfactory
optic
oculomotor
trochlear
trigeminal abducens
facial vestibulocochlear glossopharyngeal
vagus
accessory hypoglossal
●● What is the difference between afferent and efferent neurons?
Answer: Afferent neurons carry sensory information from the periphery
to the spinal cord and brain while efferent neurons carry motor output
from the brain and spinal cord to the periphery.
●● Divisions of the nervous system and their functions
, Answer: CNS, PNS
PNS: somatic nervous system and autonomic NS (also efferent and
efferent)
Autonomic: parasympathetic and sympathetic
●● somatic nervous system
Answer: generally under voluntary control, innervating the movement of
skeletal muscles, skin, and joints
●● autonomic system function
Answer: control glands and smooth muscles of the internal organs-
involuntary control
●● parasympathetic vs. sympathetic
Answer: para: resting situations, permitting digestion and conservation
of energy
symp: vigorous muscular activity, stress, emergenicies
●● hindbrain
Answer: cerebellum, pons, medulla oblongata
FINAL PAPER QUESTIONS ANSWERS
COMPLETE SOLUTION VIEW AHEAD
SUCCESS STRATEGY
●● Describe the meninges and their function.
Answer: The meninges are connective tissue sheaths that surround the
brain and spinal cord.
pia mater: is the innermost layer of the meninges. It is thin and delicate
and contains surface level blood vessels that perfuse the brain and spinal
cord.
arachnoid layer: second layer. It encases the entire CNS and is delicate,
nonvascular, and waterproof. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) circulates in an
area just below the arachnoid layer called the subarachnoid space.
dura mater: outermost layer. strong, continuous connective tissue sheath
that provides the brain and spinal cord with most of its protection.
●● Describe how CSF is produced and its function.
Answer: CSF serves as a cushion for the brain and spinal cord protecting
them from outside physical force. It maintains a constant ionic
environment that allows for the diffusion of essential nutrients,
,electrolytes, and metabolic waste products into the extracellular fluid
surrounding the CNS neurons.
A thin layer of neuroglial cells, ependyma, line the ventricles of the
brain and the central canal of the spinal cord. Specialized ependymal
cells called the choroid plexus project into the ventricles and produce
CSF.
●● cranial nerves and functions
Answer: olfactory
optic
oculomotor
trochlear
trigeminal abducens
facial vestibulocochlear glossopharyngeal
vagus
accessory hypoglossal
●● What is the difference between afferent and efferent neurons?
Answer: Afferent neurons carry sensory information from the periphery
to the spinal cord and brain while efferent neurons carry motor output
from the brain and spinal cord to the periphery.
●● Divisions of the nervous system and their functions
, Answer: CNS, PNS
PNS: somatic nervous system and autonomic NS (also efferent and
efferent)
Autonomic: parasympathetic and sympathetic
●● somatic nervous system
Answer: generally under voluntary control, innervating the movement of
skeletal muscles, skin, and joints
●● autonomic system function
Answer: control glands and smooth muscles of the internal organs-
involuntary control
●● parasympathetic vs. sympathetic
Answer: para: resting situations, permitting digestion and conservation
of energy
symp: vigorous muscular activity, stress, emergenicies
●● hindbrain
Answer: cerebellum, pons, medulla oblongata
