PORTAGE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY MODULE 9
FINAL PAPER QUESTIONS ANSWERS
COMPLETE SOLUTION VIEW AHEAD
SUCCESS STRATEGY
●● Hormone functions
Answer: open and close ion channels (membrane potential)
stimulate gene expression to influence protein synthesis
activate or inhibit enzyme systems
induce secretory activity
stimulate mitosis
●● Endocrine
Answer: Hormones are released to circulation to act on a target organ
(i.e. TSH, ADH)
●● Paracrine
,Answer: Hormones act locally on cells close to where they are released
(i.e. estrogen and testosterone)
●● Autocrine
Answer: Hormones produce a biologic action on the cell that released
them (i.e. insulin)
●● Homeostasis
Answer: keeping hormone levels within a specific range that the body
needs for optimal function
●● What are the different structural types of hormones?
Answer: 1) amines and amino acids
2) peptides and proteins
3) steroids (cholesterol)
●● What is the function of the hypothalamus?
Answer: The hypothalamus serves to link the nervous system to the
endocrine system. It regulates homeostasis, body temperature, hunger,
behavior, emotion, and pain. The hypothalamus produces releasing
hormones, which stimulate the pituitary to release stimulating hormones.
●● What hormones does the hypothalamus release?
Answer: GHRH, somatostatin, dopamine, TRH, CRH, GnRH
, GHRH → GH
TRH → TSH
CRH → ACTH
GnRH → LH & FSH
●● What is the role of the pituitary gland?
Answer: The pituitary gland is known as the "master gland," since it
stimulates target organs to secrete their hormones.
●● What hormones does the anterior pituitary gland secrete?
Answer: GH, ACTH, TSH, FSH, LH, & prolactin
●● What hormones does the posterior pituitary gland secrete?
Answer: ADH and oxytocin
●● Explain the concept of negative feedback and give an example:
Answer: Negative feedback is how the body maintains homeostasis, or
equilibrium. The brain is constantly monitoring hormone levels to keep
levels within its certain range or set-point. Negative feedback prevents
over-secretion of any hormone. The action of ADH, which dilutes the
blood, is one example. Once the blood is dilute, the hypothalamus
detects the dilute levels and stops releasing ADH.
FINAL PAPER QUESTIONS ANSWERS
COMPLETE SOLUTION VIEW AHEAD
SUCCESS STRATEGY
●● Hormone functions
Answer: open and close ion channels (membrane potential)
stimulate gene expression to influence protein synthesis
activate or inhibit enzyme systems
induce secretory activity
stimulate mitosis
●● Endocrine
Answer: Hormones are released to circulation to act on a target organ
(i.e. TSH, ADH)
●● Paracrine
,Answer: Hormones act locally on cells close to where they are released
(i.e. estrogen and testosterone)
●● Autocrine
Answer: Hormones produce a biologic action on the cell that released
them (i.e. insulin)
●● Homeostasis
Answer: keeping hormone levels within a specific range that the body
needs for optimal function
●● What are the different structural types of hormones?
Answer: 1) amines and amino acids
2) peptides and proteins
3) steroids (cholesterol)
●● What is the function of the hypothalamus?
Answer: The hypothalamus serves to link the nervous system to the
endocrine system. It regulates homeostasis, body temperature, hunger,
behavior, emotion, and pain. The hypothalamus produces releasing
hormones, which stimulate the pituitary to release stimulating hormones.
●● What hormones does the hypothalamus release?
Answer: GHRH, somatostatin, dopamine, TRH, CRH, GnRH
, GHRH → GH
TRH → TSH
CRH → ACTH
GnRH → LH & FSH
●● What is the role of the pituitary gland?
Answer: The pituitary gland is known as the "master gland," since it
stimulates target organs to secrete their hormones.
●● What hormones does the anterior pituitary gland secrete?
Answer: GH, ACTH, TSH, FSH, LH, & prolactin
●● What hormones does the posterior pituitary gland secrete?
Answer: ADH and oxytocin
●● Explain the concept of negative feedback and give an example:
Answer: Negative feedback is how the body maintains homeostasis, or
equilibrium. The brain is constantly monitoring hormone levels to keep
levels within its certain range or set-point. Negative feedback prevents
over-secretion of any hormone. The action of ADH, which dilutes the
blood, is one example. Once the blood is dilute, the hypothalamus
detects the dilute levels and stops releasing ADH.
