NURS 302 Exam 1 | Questions and verified Answers
complete Solutions | A+ Graded | 2026 Updates |
100% correct
etiology - ANSWER- original cause of a cellular alteration or disease.
example: etiology of a sore throat could be streptococcus
adaptive vs. maladaptive changes - ANSWER- adaptive: changes that help maintain
homeostasis
maladaptive: derangement of structure or function. harmful to the body
etiologic agents - ANSWER- causes of cell alteration or disease
example: infection, trauma
histology - ANSWER- microscopic study of tissues
biopsy - ANSWER- the removal of living tissue from the body for diagnostic examination
pathognomonic changes - ANSWER- unique histological findings that represent distinct
disease processes
example: inflamed, crater like breach in GI mucosa is pathognomonic for peptic ulcer disease
atrophy - ANSWER- cells revert to smaller size due to reduction in metabolic demand
cell's environment cannot support the metabolic requirements.
causes include disuse of muscle, lack of nerve stimulation, inadequate nutrition, aging,
decreased blood flow, etc.
,hypertrophy - ANSWER- increase in individual cell size. when the muscle increases, it has a
greater metabolic demand and energy needs
physiological vs pathological hypertrophy - ANSWER- *physiological*: cell enlargement with
adequate supporting tissues as well as new blood vessels through a process called
*angiogenesis*. example is enlargement of cardiac cells with exercise training
*pathological*: increase in cell size without increase in support structures. example is
enlargement of heart tissues due to HTN
hyperplasia - ANSWER- increase in *number* of cells. can result from hormonal stimulation
example: estrogen stimulating the growth of breasts during pregnancy.
**different from hypertrophy, which is the increase in SIZE of cells.
hyperplasia only occurs in tissues in cells that are capable of ________ - ANSWER- mitosis
metaplasia - ANSWER- replacement of one cell type with another. caused by genetic
reprogramming to save the cell when environment changes.
example is GERD, where lower esophageal cells transform from squamous to columnar cells.
dysplasia - ANSWER- deranged cellular growth. often caused by chronic inflammation or a
precancerous condition. cells will vary in size, shape, and organization compared to normal cells.
neoplasia - ANSWER- new growth that is disorganized, uncoordinated, uncontrolled and
cancerous.
these cells can be classified as benign or malignant depending on differentiation (how cell
acquires specialized structures and functions for cells they they replace)
what happens when Na+/K+ pump is not working properly? - ANSWER- normally, pump
expels 3 Na+ and pumps in 2 K+ using ATP as its energy source. when this system is not working,
osmotic balance is altered, and Na+ accumulates in the cell. this increase in Na+ draws water
into the cell, causing cellular swelling
, what happens when Ca++ pump is not working properly? - ANSWER- Ca++ builds up in cell,
which can induce cell degeneration by depleting ATP further, damaging the plasma membrane,
and disrupting DNA. Ca++ build up also leads to calcification.
besides Na+/K+ pump, what malfunctions can lead to cell death or mutations? - ANSWER-
defect in protein synthesis, intracellular accumulations, genetic damage
what stressors or injurious agents can cause cell injuries? - ANSWER- - hypoxic cell injury
(insufficient O2 due to *ischemia* (diminishes circulation))
-free radical injury (oxidative stress, or disturbance in balance between productive of free
radicals and antioxidant defenses)
-physical agents of injury (laceration, burn)
-chemical injury (endogenous and exogenous chemicals)
-infectious agent injury (bacterial, viral)
-injurious immunological reactions (autoimmune diseases)
-genetics
-nutrition
endothelium - ANSWER- innermost lining of blood vessels. tissues responds to blood flow
changes, stress forces, inflammatory mediator, and circulating substances.
secretes VEGF, nitric oxide, and endothelin (vasoconstrictor)
how can injury to endothelium lead to atherosclerosis? - ANSWER- injury to endothelium can
be caused by HTN, hyperglycemia, free radicals, or persistent angiotensin II secretion. In the
presence of endothelial injury, cholesterol deposits in an attempt to repair endothelium. But
cholesterol can build up and turn into plaque, and plaque build up narrows blood vessels,
leading to artheroslcerosis
atherogenesis - ANSWER- formation of fatty plaque on the wall of an artery. the deposits of
plaque made during atherogenesis can set up conditions for LDL-C deposition and clot
formation
what are the symptoms of peripheral arterial disease (PAD)? - ANSWER- PAD is the narrowing
or blockage of vessels that carry blood from the heart to the legs. caused by atherosclerosis.
complete Solutions | A+ Graded | 2026 Updates |
100% correct
etiology - ANSWER- original cause of a cellular alteration or disease.
example: etiology of a sore throat could be streptococcus
adaptive vs. maladaptive changes - ANSWER- adaptive: changes that help maintain
homeostasis
maladaptive: derangement of structure or function. harmful to the body
etiologic agents - ANSWER- causes of cell alteration or disease
example: infection, trauma
histology - ANSWER- microscopic study of tissues
biopsy - ANSWER- the removal of living tissue from the body for diagnostic examination
pathognomonic changes - ANSWER- unique histological findings that represent distinct
disease processes
example: inflamed, crater like breach in GI mucosa is pathognomonic for peptic ulcer disease
atrophy - ANSWER- cells revert to smaller size due to reduction in metabolic demand
cell's environment cannot support the metabolic requirements.
causes include disuse of muscle, lack of nerve stimulation, inadequate nutrition, aging,
decreased blood flow, etc.
,hypertrophy - ANSWER- increase in individual cell size. when the muscle increases, it has a
greater metabolic demand and energy needs
physiological vs pathological hypertrophy - ANSWER- *physiological*: cell enlargement with
adequate supporting tissues as well as new blood vessels through a process called
*angiogenesis*. example is enlargement of cardiac cells with exercise training
*pathological*: increase in cell size without increase in support structures. example is
enlargement of heart tissues due to HTN
hyperplasia - ANSWER- increase in *number* of cells. can result from hormonal stimulation
example: estrogen stimulating the growth of breasts during pregnancy.
**different from hypertrophy, which is the increase in SIZE of cells.
hyperplasia only occurs in tissues in cells that are capable of ________ - ANSWER- mitosis
metaplasia - ANSWER- replacement of one cell type with another. caused by genetic
reprogramming to save the cell when environment changes.
example is GERD, where lower esophageal cells transform from squamous to columnar cells.
dysplasia - ANSWER- deranged cellular growth. often caused by chronic inflammation or a
precancerous condition. cells will vary in size, shape, and organization compared to normal cells.
neoplasia - ANSWER- new growth that is disorganized, uncoordinated, uncontrolled and
cancerous.
these cells can be classified as benign or malignant depending on differentiation (how cell
acquires specialized structures and functions for cells they they replace)
what happens when Na+/K+ pump is not working properly? - ANSWER- normally, pump
expels 3 Na+ and pumps in 2 K+ using ATP as its energy source. when this system is not working,
osmotic balance is altered, and Na+ accumulates in the cell. this increase in Na+ draws water
into the cell, causing cellular swelling
, what happens when Ca++ pump is not working properly? - ANSWER- Ca++ builds up in cell,
which can induce cell degeneration by depleting ATP further, damaging the plasma membrane,
and disrupting DNA. Ca++ build up also leads to calcification.
besides Na+/K+ pump, what malfunctions can lead to cell death or mutations? - ANSWER-
defect in protein synthesis, intracellular accumulations, genetic damage
what stressors or injurious agents can cause cell injuries? - ANSWER- - hypoxic cell injury
(insufficient O2 due to *ischemia* (diminishes circulation))
-free radical injury (oxidative stress, or disturbance in balance between productive of free
radicals and antioxidant defenses)
-physical agents of injury (laceration, burn)
-chemical injury (endogenous and exogenous chemicals)
-infectious agent injury (bacterial, viral)
-injurious immunological reactions (autoimmune diseases)
-genetics
-nutrition
endothelium - ANSWER- innermost lining of blood vessels. tissues responds to blood flow
changes, stress forces, inflammatory mediator, and circulating substances.
secretes VEGF, nitric oxide, and endothelin (vasoconstrictor)
how can injury to endothelium lead to atherosclerosis? - ANSWER- injury to endothelium can
be caused by HTN, hyperglycemia, free radicals, or persistent angiotensin II secretion. In the
presence of endothelial injury, cholesterol deposits in an attempt to repair endothelium. But
cholesterol can build up and turn into plaque, and plaque build up narrows blood vessels,
leading to artheroslcerosis
atherogenesis - ANSWER- formation of fatty plaque on the wall of an artery. the deposits of
plaque made during atherogenesis can set up conditions for LDL-C deposition and clot
formation
what are the symptoms of peripheral arterial disease (PAD)? - ANSWER- PAD is the narrowing
or blockage of vessels that carry blood from the heart to the legs. caused by atherosclerosis.
