Today's Practice Questions Review
Compiled from the questions you posted today. Each item includes the best answer and a brief review note for
studying.
1. Crohn disease immune response
Correct answer: Helper T cells (Th1)
Why: Crohn disease is driven by a Th1-dominant response with macrophage activation and granuloma formation.
2. Organ atrophy from reduction in cell number
Correct answer: Alzheimer disease
Why: Neuronal loss leads to brain atrophy; disuse atrophy is more about decreased cell size.
3. Not a typical GERD risk factor
Correct answer: High fiber diet
Why: GERD is linked to decreased LES tone, obesity, smoking, and hiatal hernia, not high-fiber intake.
4. Why oxygen may fail in ARDS
Correct answer: Pulmonary shunting and alveolar collapse despite ventilation
Why: Blood passes poorly ventilated/collapsed alveoli, causing refractory hypoxemia.
5. Primary mechanism in obstructive sleep apnea
Correct answer: Increased pharyngeal tissue mass leading to partial or complete airway obstruction
Why: OSA is an upper-airway obstruction problem, often worsened by obesity and neck soft tissue.
6. Immune complex vasculitis mechanism
Correct answer: Activation of the complement cascade causing local inflammation
Why: Type III hypersensitivity causes immune complex deposition, complement activation, and neutrophil-mediated
injury.
7. Pregnancy-related uterine enlargement
Correct answer: Hypertrophy of uterine smooth muscle cells
Why: The pregnant uterus enlarges mainly by smooth muscle hypertrophy.
8. Clotting factor not cleaved by thrombin
Correct answer: Factor XII
Why: Thrombin activates V, VIII, XI, and XIII, but not XII.
9. LLQ pain, fever, leukocytosis in patient with diverticula
Correct answer: Diverticulitis
Why: Diverticulitis classically presents with LLQ pain, fever, nausea/vomiting, and leukocytosis.
10. Primary organelle for ATP generation
Correct answer: Mitochondria
Why: Oxidative phosphorylation and ATP generation occur in mitochondria.
, 11. Acute metabolic complication typical of type 2 DM
Correct answer: Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic syndrome
Why: Type 2 DM classically causes HHS; type 1 DM is more associated with DKA.
12. Critical LAD stenosis
Correct answer: 70% luminal stenosis
Why: Hemodynamically significant stenosis in a major epicardial coronary artery is typically about 70%.
13. Continuing vascular repair after platelet plug
Correct answer: Endothelial cells beginning to proliferate and repair the vessel lining
Why: Re-endothelialization is crucial to ongoing vascular healing.
14. IBS pathophysiology
Correct answer: Abnormal gastrointestinal motility and sensation
Why: IBS is a functional bowel disorder with altered motility and visceral hypersensitivity.
15. Cause of emboli in infective endocarditis
Correct answer: Dislodgement of valvular vegetations
Why: Fragments of infected vegetations break off and embolize.
16. Inflammatory cytokine in obesity
Correct answer: TNF-alpha
Why: Obesity is a chronic low-grade inflammatory state; TNF-alpha is a classic proinflammatory cytokine.
17. Acute asthma mechanism
Correct answer: Hyperinflation of alveoli due to air trapping and bronchospasm
Why: Acute asthma causes airway narrowing, mucus, increased resistance, and air trapping.
18. Emphysema diffusion abnormality
Correct answer: Decreased DLCO due to loss of alveolar surface area
Why: Alveolar wall destruction reduces gas-exchange surface area.
19. Celiac disease mechanism
Correct answer: Cell-mediated immune response to deamidated gliadin peptides
Why: Celiac disease is a T-cell mediated immune response to gluten-related peptides.
20. Glagov phenomenon
Correct answer: Vessel wall remodeling occurs in response to early plaque accumulation without causing
significant luminal stenosis
Why: Early plaque growth is offset by outward remodeling.
21. Trigger for secondary hyperparathyroidism
Correct answer: Decreased serum calcium
Why: Low calcium stimulates increased PTH secretion.
Compiled from the questions you posted today. Each item includes the best answer and a brief review note for
studying.
1. Crohn disease immune response
Correct answer: Helper T cells (Th1)
Why: Crohn disease is driven by a Th1-dominant response with macrophage activation and granuloma formation.
2. Organ atrophy from reduction in cell number
Correct answer: Alzheimer disease
Why: Neuronal loss leads to brain atrophy; disuse atrophy is more about decreased cell size.
3. Not a typical GERD risk factor
Correct answer: High fiber diet
Why: GERD is linked to decreased LES tone, obesity, smoking, and hiatal hernia, not high-fiber intake.
4. Why oxygen may fail in ARDS
Correct answer: Pulmonary shunting and alveolar collapse despite ventilation
Why: Blood passes poorly ventilated/collapsed alveoli, causing refractory hypoxemia.
5. Primary mechanism in obstructive sleep apnea
Correct answer: Increased pharyngeal tissue mass leading to partial or complete airway obstruction
Why: OSA is an upper-airway obstruction problem, often worsened by obesity and neck soft tissue.
6. Immune complex vasculitis mechanism
Correct answer: Activation of the complement cascade causing local inflammation
Why: Type III hypersensitivity causes immune complex deposition, complement activation, and neutrophil-mediated
injury.
7. Pregnancy-related uterine enlargement
Correct answer: Hypertrophy of uterine smooth muscle cells
Why: The pregnant uterus enlarges mainly by smooth muscle hypertrophy.
8. Clotting factor not cleaved by thrombin
Correct answer: Factor XII
Why: Thrombin activates V, VIII, XI, and XIII, but not XII.
9. LLQ pain, fever, leukocytosis in patient with diverticula
Correct answer: Diverticulitis
Why: Diverticulitis classically presents with LLQ pain, fever, nausea/vomiting, and leukocytosis.
10. Primary organelle for ATP generation
Correct answer: Mitochondria
Why: Oxidative phosphorylation and ATP generation occur in mitochondria.
, 11. Acute metabolic complication typical of type 2 DM
Correct answer: Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic syndrome
Why: Type 2 DM classically causes HHS; type 1 DM is more associated with DKA.
12. Critical LAD stenosis
Correct answer: 70% luminal stenosis
Why: Hemodynamically significant stenosis in a major epicardial coronary artery is typically about 70%.
13. Continuing vascular repair after platelet plug
Correct answer: Endothelial cells beginning to proliferate and repair the vessel lining
Why: Re-endothelialization is crucial to ongoing vascular healing.
14. IBS pathophysiology
Correct answer: Abnormal gastrointestinal motility and sensation
Why: IBS is a functional bowel disorder with altered motility and visceral hypersensitivity.
15. Cause of emboli in infective endocarditis
Correct answer: Dislodgement of valvular vegetations
Why: Fragments of infected vegetations break off and embolize.
16. Inflammatory cytokine in obesity
Correct answer: TNF-alpha
Why: Obesity is a chronic low-grade inflammatory state; TNF-alpha is a classic proinflammatory cytokine.
17. Acute asthma mechanism
Correct answer: Hyperinflation of alveoli due to air trapping and bronchospasm
Why: Acute asthma causes airway narrowing, mucus, increased resistance, and air trapping.
18. Emphysema diffusion abnormality
Correct answer: Decreased DLCO due to loss of alveolar surface area
Why: Alveolar wall destruction reduces gas-exchange surface area.
19. Celiac disease mechanism
Correct answer: Cell-mediated immune response to deamidated gliadin peptides
Why: Celiac disease is a T-cell mediated immune response to gluten-related peptides.
20. Glagov phenomenon
Correct answer: Vessel wall remodeling occurs in response to early plaque accumulation without causing
significant luminal stenosis
Why: Early plaque growth is offset by outward remodeling.
21. Trigger for secondary hyperparathyroidism
Correct answer: Decreased serum calcium
Why: Low calcium stimulates increased PTH secretion.
