NR 224 FUNDAMENTALS ACTUAL
EXAMINATION SCRIPT 2026 FULL
ANSWERS GRADED A+
⩥ Colonization. Answer: occurs when a microorganism invades the host
but does not cause infection
⩥ Communicable Disease. Answer: is the infectious disease transmitted
from one person to another.
⩥ If pathogens multiply and cause clinical signs and symptoms.....
Answer: the infection is symptomatic
⩥ If clinical signs and symptoms are not present... Answer: the illness is
asymptomatic
⩥ ***Most important technique to use in preventing and controlling
transmission of infection is..... Answer: HAND HYGIENE!
⩥ ***Chain of Infection. Answer: 1)Infectious agent or pathogen
2)Reservoir or source for pathogen growth
3)Portal of exit
4)Mode of transmission
,5)Portal of entry
6)Susceptible host
⩥ Direct contact. Answer: Person to person OR Person to source
⩥ Indirect contact. Answer: Person to inanimate object
⩥ Droplet contact. Answer: Coughing, Sneezing, Talking (Lg particle
only 3 ft)
⩥ Airborne. Answer: Droplet nuclei or residue suspended in air or
carried on dust particles
⩥ Vehicles. Answer: Food, water, drugs and solutions, blood, fomites
⩥ Vector. Answer: -External transfer
-Internal Transmission (parasitic) Mosquito, louse, flea, tick
⩥ Immunocompromised. Answer: means having an impaired immune
system.
⩥ Virulence. Answer: is the ability to produce disease
,⩥ Aerobic Bacteria. Answer: require oxygen for survival and for
multiplication sufficient to cause disease.
⩥ Anaerobic. Answer: thrive where little or no free oxygen is available.
⩥ Bacteriostasis. Answer: prevention of growth and reproduction of
bacteria.
⩥ Bactericidal. Answer: destructive to bacteria
⩥ Normal flora. Answer: helps to resist infection by releasing
antibacterial substances and inhibiting multiplication of pathogenic
microorganisms
⩥ Factors influencing infection prevention and control.... Answer: Age
Nutritional status
Stress
Disease process
Treatments or conditions that compromise the immune response
⩥ Health Care Associated Infection (HAI's) (Nosocomial). Answer:
Results from delivery of health services in a health care facility
, ⩥ Patients at greater risk of HAI.... Answer: Multiple illnesses
Older adults
Poorly nourished
Lowered resistance to infection
Critical illness
invasive treatment devices
⩥ Major sites for HAI's.... Answer: Surgical or traumatic wounds
Urinary and respiratory tracts
Bloodstream
⩥ More complex condition of the patient.... Answer: Less people should
be taking care of them
⩥ ***Medical Asepsis. Answer: Controlling Pathogen
Hand hygiene
"Clean procedure"
Common on home, ECF, assisted living
Standard precautions (CDC)
⩥ ***Sterile Asepsis. Answer: Killing or eliminating pathogen
Scrub (Surgical)
EXAMINATION SCRIPT 2026 FULL
ANSWERS GRADED A+
⩥ Colonization. Answer: occurs when a microorganism invades the host
but does not cause infection
⩥ Communicable Disease. Answer: is the infectious disease transmitted
from one person to another.
⩥ If pathogens multiply and cause clinical signs and symptoms.....
Answer: the infection is symptomatic
⩥ If clinical signs and symptoms are not present... Answer: the illness is
asymptomatic
⩥ ***Most important technique to use in preventing and controlling
transmission of infection is..... Answer: HAND HYGIENE!
⩥ ***Chain of Infection. Answer: 1)Infectious agent or pathogen
2)Reservoir or source for pathogen growth
3)Portal of exit
4)Mode of transmission
,5)Portal of entry
6)Susceptible host
⩥ Direct contact. Answer: Person to person OR Person to source
⩥ Indirect contact. Answer: Person to inanimate object
⩥ Droplet contact. Answer: Coughing, Sneezing, Talking (Lg particle
only 3 ft)
⩥ Airborne. Answer: Droplet nuclei or residue suspended in air or
carried on dust particles
⩥ Vehicles. Answer: Food, water, drugs and solutions, blood, fomites
⩥ Vector. Answer: -External transfer
-Internal Transmission (parasitic) Mosquito, louse, flea, tick
⩥ Immunocompromised. Answer: means having an impaired immune
system.
⩥ Virulence. Answer: is the ability to produce disease
,⩥ Aerobic Bacteria. Answer: require oxygen for survival and for
multiplication sufficient to cause disease.
⩥ Anaerobic. Answer: thrive where little or no free oxygen is available.
⩥ Bacteriostasis. Answer: prevention of growth and reproduction of
bacteria.
⩥ Bactericidal. Answer: destructive to bacteria
⩥ Normal flora. Answer: helps to resist infection by releasing
antibacterial substances and inhibiting multiplication of pathogenic
microorganisms
⩥ Factors influencing infection prevention and control.... Answer: Age
Nutritional status
Stress
Disease process
Treatments or conditions that compromise the immune response
⩥ Health Care Associated Infection (HAI's) (Nosocomial). Answer:
Results from delivery of health services in a health care facility
, ⩥ Patients at greater risk of HAI.... Answer: Multiple illnesses
Older adults
Poorly nourished
Lowered resistance to infection
Critical illness
invasive treatment devices
⩥ Major sites for HAI's.... Answer: Surgical or traumatic wounds
Urinary and respiratory tracts
Bloodstream
⩥ More complex condition of the patient.... Answer: Less people should
be taking care of them
⩥ ***Medical Asepsis. Answer: Controlling Pathogen
Hand hygiene
"Clean procedure"
Common on home, ECF, assisted living
Standard precautions (CDC)
⩥ ***Sterile Asepsis. Answer: Killing or eliminating pathogen
Scrub (Surgical)
