NR 293 ATI PHARMACOLOGY MIDTERM
PRACTICE PAPER 2026 REVIEW SOLVED
QUESTIONS
◉ What are hormones? Answer: The "CHEMICAL LANGUAGE" of the
endocrine system
- Natural substances
- Secreted into the bloodstream and travels through the blood to the
site of action
◉ Hypothalamus Answer: Part of the CNS
- MASTER
- THERMOSTAT
◉ Pituitary Gland Answer: Has two lobes
- Anterior pituitary (adenohypohysis)
- Posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis)
They govern all bodily functions (hormones and negative feedback
loop)
,◉ Negative Feedback Loop Answer: Activity of the endocrine system
regulated by this system of surveillance and signaling based on the
body's needs
- Regulates hormone secretion
◉ What are the anterior pituitary drugs? Answer: Cosyntopin
Somatopin
Octreotide
◉ What are the posterior pituitary drugs? Answer: Vasopressin
Desmopressin
◉ Cosyntopin (Cortosyn) Answer: STIMULATES RELEASE OF
CORTISOL FROM THE ADRENAL CORTEX
- Anti-inflammatory
- DIAGNOSIS OF ADRENOCORTICAL INSUFFICIENCY
- Wasting associated with human immunodeficiency virus infection
- Promotes renal retention of SODIUM, WHICH CAN RESULT IN
EDEMA AND HYPERTENSION
◉ Somatropin & Somatem Answer: Recombinantly made GROWTH
HORMONE (GH)
,- Stimulates skeletal growth in patients with deficient GH, such as
HYPOPITUITARY DWARFISM
◉ Octreotide (Sandostatin) Answer: CARCINOID TUMORS SECRETE
VIP (vasoactive intestinal polypeptide)
- VIP causes PROFUSE, WATERY DIARRHEA
- Octreotide reduces diarrhea, flushing, and life-threatening
HYPOTENSION that may occur with a CARCINOID CRISIS
◉ Vasopressin & Desmopressin Answer: Mimic the action of
ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE
- Increase WATER REABSORPTION in the distal tubules and
collecting ducts of nephrons that concentrate urine
- REDUCES WATER EXCRETION by up to 90%
- Used in treatment with DIABETES INSIPIDUS
◉ Indications for Vasopressin Answer: ADH - Diabetes Insipidus
- POTENT VASOCONSTRICTOR
- HYPOTENSIVE EMERGENCIES (Vasodilatory Shock - Septic Shock)
- ADVANCES CARDIAC LIFE SUPPORT (ACLS) - PULSELESS CARDIAC
ARREST
- Used to STOP BLEEDING OF ESOPHAGEAL VARICES
, ◉ Indications for Desmopressin Answer: DDVAP
- Dose-dependent increase in the plasma levels of:
- Factor VIII (antihemophilic factor)
- Von Willebrand factor
- Tissue plasminogen activator (HELPS WITH CLOTTING)
- Management of NOCTURNAL ENURESIS
◉ Nursing Implications (Octreotide - Sandostatin) Answer: - May
impair GALLBLADDER FUNCTION
- Instruct patient to report ABDOMINAL PAIN
- Use with caution on patients with RENAL impairment
- Monitor glucose levels in patients without and with diabetes
- Can be given intravenously, intramuscularly, or subcutaneously
◉ Thyroid Gland Answer: Secretes 3 hormones
- Essential for proper regulation of metabolism
- Located near parathyroid gland
- Responsible for maintaining levels of calcium in the extracellular
fluid
◉ Thyroid Gland Hormones Answer: Thyroxine (T4)
Triidothryonine (T3)
PRACTICE PAPER 2026 REVIEW SOLVED
QUESTIONS
◉ What are hormones? Answer: The "CHEMICAL LANGUAGE" of the
endocrine system
- Natural substances
- Secreted into the bloodstream and travels through the blood to the
site of action
◉ Hypothalamus Answer: Part of the CNS
- MASTER
- THERMOSTAT
◉ Pituitary Gland Answer: Has two lobes
- Anterior pituitary (adenohypohysis)
- Posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis)
They govern all bodily functions (hormones and negative feedback
loop)
,◉ Negative Feedback Loop Answer: Activity of the endocrine system
regulated by this system of surveillance and signaling based on the
body's needs
- Regulates hormone secretion
◉ What are the anterior pituitary drugs? Answer: Cosyntopin
Somatopin
Octreotide
◉ What are the posterior pituitary drugs? Answer: Vasopressin
Desmopressin
◉ Cosyntopin (Cortosyn) Answer: STIMULATES RELEASE OF
CORTISOL FROM THE ADRENAL CORTEX
- Anti-inflammatory
- DIAGNOSIS OF ADRENOCORTICAL INSUFFICIENCY
- Wasting associated with human immunodeficiency virus infection
- Promotes renal retention of SODIUM, WHICH CAN RESULT IN
EDEMA AND HYPERTENSION
◉ Somatropin & Somatem Answer: Recombinantly made GROWTH
HORMONE (GH)
,- Stimulates skeletal growth in patients with deficient GH, such as
HYPOPITUITARY DWARFISM
◉ Octreotide (Sandostatin) Answer: CARCINOID TUMORS SECRETE
VIP (vasoactive intestinal polypeptide)
- VIP causes PROFUSE, WATERY DIARRHEA
- Octreotide reduces diarrhea, flushing, and life-threatening
HYPOTENSION that may occur with a CARCINOID CRISIS
◉ Vasopressin & Desmopressin Answer: Mimic the action of
ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE
- Increase WATER REABSORPTION in the distal tubules and
collecting ducts of nephrons that concentrate urine
- REDUCES WATER EXCRETION by up to 90%
- Used in treatment with DIABETES INSIPIDUS
◉ Indications for Vasopressin Answer: ADH - Diabetes Insipidus
- POTENT VASOCONSTRICTOR
- HYPOTENSIVE EMERGENCIES (Vasodilatory Shock - Septic Shock)
- ADVANCES CARDIAC LIFE SUPPORT (ACLS) - PULSELESS CARDIAC
ARREST
- Used to STOP BLEEDING OF ESOPHAGEAL VARICES
, ◉ Indications for Desmopressin Answer: DDVAP
- Dose-dependent increase in the plasma levels of:
- Factor VIII (antihemophilic factor)
- Von Willebrand factor
- Tissue plasminogen activator (HELPS WITH CLOTTING)
- Management of NOCTURNAL ENURESIS
◉ Nursing Implications (Octreotide - Sandostatin) Answer: - May
impair GALLBLADDER FUNCTION
- Instruct patient to report ABDOMINAL PAIN
- Use with caution on patients with RENAL impairment
- Monitor glucose levels in patients without and with diabetes
- Can be given intravenously, intramuscularly, or subcutaneously
◉ Thyroid Gland Answer: Secretes 3 hormones
- Essential for proper regulation of metabolism
- Located near parathyroid gland
- Responsible for maintaining levels of calcium in the extracellular
fluid
◉ Thyroid Gland Hormones Answer: Thyroxine (T4)
Triidothryonine (T3)
