NR601 Midterm LATEST 2026/2027 ACTUAL EXAM QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS 100% VERIFIED GRADED A+

NR601 Midterm LATEST 2026/2027
ACTUAL EXAM QUESTIONS WITH
CORRECT ANSWERS 100% VERIFIED
GRADED A+
Whatmaremthem3mprimarymphysiologicalmchangesmofmaging?m-
mCORRECTmANSWERm1.mReducedmphysiologicalmreservemofmmostmbodymsystems,mesp.
mcardiac,mresp,mrenal.



2.mReducedmhomeostaticmmechanismsmthatmfailmtomadjustmregulatorymsystemsm(i.e.mt
empmcontrol,mfluid/lytembalance,metc.).



3.mImpairedmimmunologicalmfunctionm(infectionmriskmismgreater,mautoimmunemdz'smmo
remprevalent)



Whatmismthempreferredmamountmofmexercisemformelderly?m-
mCORRECTmANSWERm30min/daym5mdays/wkmofmmoderatemexercise.



Ifmtryingmtomlosemwt:m60min/day.



WhatmaremPFTs?m-
mCORRECTmANSWERmGroupmofmtestsmthatmprovidemquantifiablemmeasurementmofmlun
gmfunction,musedmtomdxmrespmabnormalitiesmormassessmprogression/resolutionmofmlun
gmdz.



WhatmismFEV1?m-mCORRECTmANSWERmForcedmExpiratorymVolumeminm1msecondm(80-
120%)

,WhatmismFVC?m-mCORRECTmANSWERmForcedmVitalmCapacitym(80-120%)



WhatmismnormalmFEV1/FVCmratio?m-mCORRECTmANSWERm<0.7m(70%)



WhatmismGOLDm1mcriteria?m-mCORRECTmANSWERmMild

FEV1m>/=m80%mpredicted



WhatmismGOLDm2mcriteria?m-mCORRECTmANSWERmModerate

FEV1m50-79%mpredicted



WhatmismGOLDm3mcriteria?m-mCORRECTmANSWERmSevere

FEV1m30-49%mpredicted



WhatmismGOLDm4mcriteria?m-mCORRECTmANSWERmVerymsevere

FEV1m<30%mpredicted



WhatmaremthemsignalmsymptomsmofmCOPD?m-mCORRECTmANSWERmDyspnea

Chronicmcoughmw/sputum

Decreasedmactivitymtolerance

Wheezing



WhatmaremcharacteristicsmofmCOPD?m-
mCORRECTmANSWERmCommon,mpreventable,mtreatable.



Characterizedmbympersistentmairflowmlimitation.

,Usuallymprogressive,massociatedmwithmenhancedmchronicminflammatorymresponseminmai
rwaysmandmlungsmtomnoxiousmparticles/gases



Airwaymfibrosis,mluminalmplugs,mairwayminflammation,mincreasedmairwaymresistance,ms
mallmairwaymdz.



Decreasedmelasticmrecoilmofmalveoli.



WhatmaremriskmfactorsmformCOPD?m-
mCORRECTmANSWERmSmokingm(increasingmw/numbermofmpackmyears)

Secondmhandmsmoke

Environmentalmpollutionm(endotoxins,mcoalmdust,mmineralmdust)



WhatmismseenmonmphysmexamminmCOPD?m-
mCORRECTmANSWERmMaymbemnormalminmearlymstates



Asmseveritymprogresses:mlungmhyperinflation,mdecreasedmbreathmsounds,mwheezesmatm
bases,mdistantmheartmtonesm(b/cmofmhyperinflation,msomS1/S2msoundsmoffminmdistanc
e),maccessorymmusclemuse,mpursedmlipmbreathing,mincreasedmexpiratorymphase,mneckm
veinmdistention.



HowmismCOPDmdiagnosed?m-
mCORRECTmANSWERmSpirometrymismgoldmstandardm(premandmpostmbronchodilator).

Irreversiblemairflowmlimitationmismhallmark.



HowmismCOPDmtreated?m-
mCORRECTmANSWERmBronchodilators:mbetamagonistsm(long/short),manticholinergicsm(lon
g/short),mormcombo.

, WhatmismthemMOAmofmbetamagonists?m-mCORRECTmANSWERmStimulatesmbeta-2-
adrenergicmreceptors,mincreasingmcyclicmAMP,mresultingminmrelaxingmairways.



WhatmismthemMOAmofmanticholinergics?m-
mCORRECTmANSWERmBlockmthemeffectmofmacetylcholinemonmmuscarinicmtypem3mrece
ptors,mresultingminmbronchodilation.



Whymaremlong-actingmbetamagonistsmprescribedmformCOPD?m-
mCORRECTmANSWERmTheymaremformmoderatemairflowmlimitation.



Theymrelievemsymptoms,mincreasemexercisemtolerance,mreducemnumbermofmexacerbatio
ns,mimprovemQOL.



WhatmaremsomemnonmpulmonarymdiagnosesmthatmresultminmCOPD-typemsymptoms?m-
mCORRECTmANSWERmCHF

Hyperventilationmsyndrome

Panicmattacks

Vocalmcordmdysfunction

Obstructivemsleepmapnea

Aspergillosis

Chronicmfatiguemsyndrome



Whatmaremsignalmsymptomsmofmasthma?m-mCORRECTmANSWERmWheezing

Shortnessmofmbreath

Coughm(espmatmnight)

Chestmtightness