1800+ Biology Questions written
and organized in a logical way
to make the learning of basic Biology easier
Biology Questions and Answers
Table of Contents
Foreword .......................................................................................................................................................... 3
Disclaimer ........................................................................................................................................................ 3
Biochemistry .................................................................................................................................................... 9
Biochemistry Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 11
Water and Mineral Salts ......................................................................................................................... 13
Carbohydrates ......................................................................................................................................... 18
Lipids ......................................................................................................................................................... 20
Proteins ..................................................................................................................................................... 22
Enzymes ................................................................................................................................................... 29
Nucleic Acids............................................................................................................................................ 35
Cell Biology.................................................................................................................................................... 43
Cell Structure ........................................................................................................................................... 45
Cell Membrane ........................................................................................................................................ 54
Cytoskeleton and Cell Movement ......................................................................................................... 63
Cell Secretion ........................................................................................................................................... 65
Cell Digestion ........................................................................................................................................... 66
Cell Nucleus ............................................................................................................................................. 68
Cell Division.............................................................................................................................................. 73
Photosynthesis ........................................................................................................................................ 84
Cell Respiration ....................................................................................................................................... 91
Protein Synthesis .................................................................................................................................... 99
Microbiology ................................................................................................................................................ 107
Bacteria ................................................................................................................................................... 109
Protists .................................................................................................................................................... 113
Fungi........................................................................................................................................................ 117
Viruses .................................................................................................................................................... 120
Zoology ........................................................................................................................................................ 123
Life Kingdoms ........................................................................................................................................ 125
Poriferans ............................................................................................................................................... 128
Cnidarians .............................................................................................................................................. 131
Platyhelminthes ..................................................................................................................................... 135
pg. 1
, Nematodes ............................................................................................................................................. 139
Annelids .................................................................................................................................................. 142
Arthropods .............................................................................................................................................. 147
Molluscs .................................................................................................................................................. 154
Echinoderms .......................................................................................................................................... 158
Chordates ............................................................................................................................................... 161
Fishes ...................................................................................................................................................... 164
Amphibians ............................................................................................................................................. 167
Reptiles ................................................................................................................................................... 170
Birds ........................................................................................................................................................ 173
Mammals ................................................................................................................................................ 176
Biology Questions and Answers
Physiology ................................................................................................................................................... 179
Basic Histology ...................................................................................................................................... 181
Blood ....................................................................................................................................................... 185
Metabolism and Homeostasis ............................................................................................................. 191
Nutrition and Vitamins ........................................................................................................................... 193
Digestive System ................................................................................................................................... 198
Respiratory System ............................................................................................................................... 211
Circulatory System ................................................................................................................................ 219
Excretory System .................................................................................................................................. 231
Epithelia .................................................................................................................................................. 238
Musculoskeletal System ....................................................................................................................... 241
Nervous System .................................................................................................................................... 247
Visual System ........................................................................................................................................ 261
Hearing System ..................................................................................................................................... 264
Endocrine System ................................................................................................................................. 266
Immune System ..................................................................................................................................... 278
Gametogenesis...................................................................................................................................... 286
Reproductive System ............................................................................................................................ 291
Embryology.................................................................................................................................................. 301
Embryonic Development ...................................................................................................................... 303
Extraembryonic Membranes ................................................................................................................ 308
Botany .......................................................................................................................................................... 311
Plant Classification ................................................................................................................................ 313
Bryophytes.............................................................................................................................................. 316
Pteridophytes ......................................................................................................................................... 317
Gymnosperms........................................................................................................................................ 320
Angiosperms .......................................................................................................................................... 323
Plant Tissues.......................................................................................................................................... 328
Plant Physiology .................................................................................................................................... 334
Genetics ....................................................................................................................................................... 345
Genetic Concepts .................................................................................................................................. 347
Mendel's Laws ....................................................................................................................................... 352
Non-mendelian Inheritance .................................................................................................................. 357
Linkage and Crossing Over ................................................................................................................. 362
Sex Determination and Sex-Linked Inheritance ............................................................................... 365
Blood Types ........................................................................................................................................... 370
pg. 2
, Karyotype and Genetic Diseases ........................................................................................................ 375
The Hardy-Weinberg Principle ............................................................................................................ 379
Genetic Engineering ............................................................................................................................. 382
Evolution ...................................................................................................................................................... 387
Origin of Life ........................................................................................................................................... 389
Theory of Evolution ............................................................................................................................... 395
Ecology ........................................................................................................................................................ 403
Concepts of Ecology ............................................................................................................................. 405
Earth's Biomes ....................................................................................................................................... 407
Biology Questions and Answers
Food Chains and Trophic Pyramids ................................................................................................... 411
Biogeochemical Cycles ........................................................................................................................ 416
Biodiversity ............................................................................................................................................. 419
Ecological Interactions .......................................................................................................................... 422
Ecological Succession .......................................................................................................................... 426
Population Ecology ............................................................................................................................... 428
Environmental Issues ........................................................................................................................... 432
Diseases ...................................................................................................................................................... 439
Concepts of Parasitism ......................................................................................................................... 441
Bacterial Infections ................................................................................................................................ 443
Protozoan Diseases ............................................................................................................................. 446
Fungal Infections ................................................................................................................................... 452
Viral Infections ....................................................................................................................................... 453
Worm Diseases ..................................................................................................................................... 461
Prion Diseases ....................................................................................................................................... 467
pg. 3
, Biology Questions and Answers
Biochemistry
complexity of their molecules
Biochemistry how can each of those
Introduction substances be classified?
Inorganic substances, like water, mineral
salts, molecular oxygen and carbon
dioxide, are small molecules made of few
1. What are the chemical
atoms. Organic substances,in general,
elements that form most of like glucose, fatty acids and proteins, are
living biological matter? much more complex molecules made of
sequences of carbons bound in carbon
The chemical elements that form most chains. The capacity of carbon to form
of the molecules of living beings are chains is one of the main chemical facts
oxygen (O), carbon (C), hydrogen (H) that permitted the emergence of life on
and nitrogen (N). the planet.
2. Living beings are made of 3. What are the most
organic and inorganic important inorganic molecular
substances. According to the substances for living beings?
pg. 4
and organized in a logical way
to make the learning of basic Biology easier
Biology Questions and Answers
Table of Contents
Foreword .......................................................................................................................................................... 3
Disclaimer ........................................................................................................................................................ 3
Biochemistry .................................................................................................................................................... 9
Biochemistry Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 11
Water and Mineral Salts ......................................................................................................................... 13
Carbohydrates ......................................................................................................................................... 18
Lipids ......................................................................................................................................................... 20
Proteins ..................................................................................................................................................... 22
Enzymes ................................................................................................................................................... 29
Nucleic Acids............................................................................................................................................ 35
Cell Biology.................................................................................................................................................... 43
Cell Structure ........................................................................................................................................... 45
Cell Membrane ........................................................................................................................................ 54
Cytoskeleton and Cell Movement ......................................................................................................... 63
Cell Secretion ........................................................................................................................................... 65
Cell Digestion ........................................................................................................................................... 66
Cell Nucleus ............................................................................................................................................. 68
Cell Division.............................................................................................................................................. 73
Photosynthesis ........................................................................................................................................ 84
Cell Respiration ....................................................................................................................................... 91
Protein Synthesis .................................................................................................................................... 99
Microbiology ................................................................................................................................................ 107
Bacteria ................................................................................................................................................... 109
Protists .................................................................................................................................................... 113
Fungi........................................................................................................................................................ 117
Viruses .................................................................................................................................................... 120
Zoology ........................................................................................................................................................ 123
Life Kingdoms ........................................................................................................................................ 125
Poriferans ............................................................................................................................................... 128
Cnidarians .............................................................................................................................................. 131
Platyhelminthes ..................................................................................................................................... 135
pg. 1
, Nematodes ............................................................................................................................................. 139
Annelids .................................................................................................................................................. 142
Arthropods .............................................................................................................................................. 147
Molluscs .................................................................................................................................................. 154
Echinoderms .......................................................................................................................................... 158
Chordates ............................................................................................................................................... 161
Fishes ...................................................................................................................................................... 164
Amphibians ............................................................................................................................................. 167
Reptiles ................................................................................................................................................... 170
Birds ........................................................................................................................................................ 173
Mammals ................................................................................................................................................ 176
Biology Questions and Answers
Physiology ................................................................................................................................................... 179
Basic Histology ...................................................................................................................................... 181
Blood ....................................................................................................................................................... 185
Metabolism and Homeostasis ............................................................................................................. 191
Nutrition and Vitamins ........................................................................................................................... 193
Digestive System ................................................................................................................................... 198
Respiratory System ............................................................................................................................... 211
Circulatory System ................................................................................................................................ 219
Excretory System .................................................................................................................................. 231
Epithelia .................................................................................................................................................. 238
Musculoskeletal System ....................................................................................................................... 241
Nervous System .................................................................................................................................... 247
Visual System ........................................................................................................................................ 261
Hearing System ..................................................................................................................................... 264
Endocrine System ................................................................................................................................. 266
Immune System ..................................................................................................................................... 278
Gametogenesis...................................................................................................................................... 286
Reproductive System ............................................................................................................................ 291
Embryology.................................................................................................................................................. 301
Embryonic Development ...................................................................................................................... 303
Extraembryonic Membranes ................................................................................................................ 308
Botany .......................................................................................................................................................... 311
Plant Classification ................................................................................................................................ 313
Bryophytes.............................................................................................................................................. 316
Pteridophytes ......................................................................................................................................... 317
Gymnosperms........................................................................................................................................ 320
Angiosperms .......................................................................................................................................... 323
Plant Tissues.......................................................................................................................................... 328
Plant Physiology .................................................................................................................................... 334
Genetics ....................................................................................................................................................... 345
Genetic Concepts .................................................................................................................................. 347
Mendel's Laws ....................................................................................................................................... 352
Non-mendelian Inheritance .................................................................................................................. 357
Linkage and Crossing Over ................................................................................................................. 362
Sex Determination and Sex-Linked Inheritance ............................................................................... 365
Blood Types ........................................................................................................................................... 370
pg. 2
, Karyotype and Genetic Diseases ........................................................................................................ 375
The Hardy-Weinberg Principle ............................................................................................................ 379
Genetic Engineering ............................................................................................................................. 382
Evolution ...................................................................................................................................................... 387
Origin of Life ........................................................................................................................................... 389
Theory of Evolution ............................................................................................................................... 395
Ecology ........................................................................................................................................................ 403
Concepts of Ecology ............................................................................................................................. 405
Earth's Biomes ....................................................................................................................................... 407
Biology Questions and Answers
Food Chains and Trophic Pyramids ................................................................................................... 411
Biogeochemical Cycles ........................................................................................................................ 416
Biodiversity ............................................................................................................................................. 419
Ecological Interactions .......................................................................................................................... 422
Ecological Succession .......................................................................................................................... 426
Population Ecology ............................................................................................................................... 428
Environmental Issues ........................................................................................................................... 432
Diseases ...................................................................................................................................................... 439
Concepts of Parasitism ......................................................................................................................... 441
Bacterial Infections ................................................................................................................................ 443
Protozoan Diseases ............................................................................................................................. 446
Fungal Infections ................................................................................................................................... 452
Viral Infections ....................................................................................................................................... 453
Worm Diseases ..................................................................................................................................... 461
Prion Diseases ....................................................................................................................................... 467
pg. 3
, Biology Questions and Answers
Biochemistry
complexity of their molecules
Biochemistry how can each of those
Introduction substances be classified?
Inorganic substances, like water, mineral
salts, molecular oxygen and carbon
dioxide, are small molecules made of few
1. What are the chemical
atoms. Organic substances,in general,
elements that form most of like glucose, fatty acids and proteins, are
living biological matter? much more complex molecules made of
sequences of carbons bound in carbon
The chemical elements that form most chains. The capacity of carbon to form
of the molecules of living beings are chains is one of the main chemical facts
oxygen (O), carbon (C), hydrogen (H) that permitted the emergence of life on
and nitrogen (N). the planet.
2. Living beings are made of 3. What are the most
organic and inorganic important inorganic molecular
substances. According to the substances for living beings?
pg. 4
