NURS 753 Final Exam: Mental Health Theories,
Treatments, and Policies Actual Exam Study
Guide with Verified Answers | Brand New
Version
1. What is innate immunity? - answer provides immediate protection and is
nonspecific, meaning it provides protection against all invaders.
2. What is adaptive immunity? - answer can take 7-10 days to provide
protection, but it is specific to the antigens.
3. What is antigen? - answer a foreign agent that triggers the production of
antibodies by the immune system
4. What is antibody (immunoglobulin)? - answer a protein used by the
immune system to identify and neutralized foreign agents, such as viruses
and bacteria
5. Describe the acute phase of inflammation - answer starts immediately after
the injury and continues until the threat is eliminated (hours to days)
6. Describe the chronic phase of inflammation - answer o takes over until
healing and repair are complete (weeks or months).
Both acute and chronic inflammation lead to local and systemic
effects
7. ·which cell drives the local inflammatory response? - answer driven by mast
cells.
,8. How is fever differentiated from hyperthermia? - answer fever is
distinguished from other forms of hyperthermia (heat stroke, malignant
hyperthermia) because the body temperature increase is regulated, and
thermoregulatory mechanisms of heating and cooling are functioning.
Hyperthermia from heat stroke involves a dysfunctional unregulated
increase in temperature along with an inability of the body to cool itself.
Hypothalamus is not reset in hyperthermia, it's just a response from an
external factor.
9. What is the function of interferons in innate immunity? - answer o
interferons do not protect cells already infected by a virus but rather stop the
spread of the virus to new cells.
The binding of interferons to uninfected cells triggers the synthesis of
enzymes that inhibit viral replication.
10.Function of complement system related to innate immunity - answer process
that involves approximately 20 blood plasma proteins and enhances the
action of antibodies. Complement proteins circulate in the blood in an
inactive state.
11.Function of clotting system related to innate immunity - answer is activated
during infection and injury. Ultimately participates in the inflammatory
response by attracting (chemotaxis) neutrophils to the site of injury and
causing increased vascular permeability.
12.Function of kinin system related to innate immunity - answer activation
primarily leads to the development of bradykinin. Bradykinin causes pain,
increased vascular permeability through vasodilation, neutrophil
recruitment, and smooth muscle contraction (bronchoconstriction).
,13.Why do granulomas form in chronic inflammation? How is this different
from granulation tissue? - answer o this phase usually occurs because the
acute response was not effective in eliminating or repairing the injury or
infection.
Granuloma formation is not to be confused with granulation tissue
development which is a step-in tissue repair. Granulation tissue is a
mixture of new vasculature and fibroblasts, which produces
connective tissue fibers and collagen.
14.Differentiate the functions of t cells in adaptive immunity - answer § t cells
(cellular) destroy the antigen.
T cells are responsible for hypersensitivity reactions and transplant rejection.
Helper cells can further be subdivided into t-helper (th) 1 and th 2. The th 2
cells activate, or call up, b cells to produce antibodies while the th 1 cells are
involved in the inflammatory process and the activation of macrophages.
15.Differentiate the functions of b cells in adaptive immunity - answer b cells
(humoral) produce antibodies against the antigen
· B cells mature in the bone marrow where they differentiate
into either memory cells or plasma cells
· Subsequent exposures to the antigen triggers a quick response
because memory cells recall the antigen as foreign and
antibody production occurs rapidly. This reaction is referred
to as acquired immunity. · subsequent exposures to the
antigen triggers a quick response because memory cells recall
the antigen as foreign and antibody production occurs rapidly.
This reaction is referred to as acquired immunity.
16.Name the four types of acquired immunity? - answer natural active,
artificial active, natural passive, and artificial passive.
, 17.What is natural active acquired immunity? - answer pathogens enter the
body and cause illness; antibodies form. When we just get an infection--
there is memory
Ex. Person has rubella once.
18.What is artificial active acquired immunity? - answer vaccine (live or
attenuated organisms) is injected into the body. No illness results but
antibodies form. There is memory.
Ex. Person receives measles vaccine.
19.What is natural passive acquired immunity? - answer antibodies are passed
directly from mother to child to provide temporary protection: no memory.
Ex. Passage through placenta during pregnancy; consumption of breastmilk;
lasts about 1 year.
20.What is natural artificial passive immunity? - answer antibodies are injected
into the body (antiserum) to provide temporary protection or to minimize the
severity of an infection. There is no memory.
Ex. Gamma globulin injection to treat immunologic disease, such as idiopathic
thrombocytopenia purpura; human immunoglobulin to treat hepatitis a and b.
21.What is autoantibody? - answer an antibody made by the immune system
that attacks an individual's own proteins
22.What is lysozyme? - answer an enzyme that dissolves bacterial cell walls.
23.What is pyrogens? - answer molecules that cause the systemic response of
fever
Treatments, and Policies Actual Exam Study
Guide with Verified Answers | Brand New
Version
1. What is innate immunity? - answer provides immediate protection and is
nonspecific, meaning it provides protection against all invaders.
2. What is adaptive immunity? - answer can take 7-10 days to provide
protection, but it is specific to the antigens.
3. What is antigen? - answer a foreign agent that triggers the production of
antibodies by the immune system
4. What is antibody (immunoglobulin)? - answer a protein used by the
immune system to identify and neutralized foreign agents, such as viruses
and bacteria
5. Describe the acute phase of inflammation - answer starts immediately after
the injury and continues until the threat is eliminated (hours to days)
6. Describe the chronic phase of inflammation - answer o takes over until
healing and repair are complete (weeks or months).
Both acute and chronic inflammation lead to local and systemic
effects
7. ·which cell drives the local inflammatory response? - answer driven by mast
cells.
,8. How is fever differentiated from hyperthermia? - answer fever is
distinguished from other forms of hyperthermia (heat stroke, malignant
hyperthermia) because the body temperature increase is regulated, and
thermoregulatory mechanisms of heating and cooling are functioning.
Hyperthermia from heat stroke involves a dysfunctional unregulated
increase in temperature along with an inability of the body to cool itself.
Hypothalamus is not reset in hyperthermia, it's just a response from an
external factor.
9. What is the function of interferons in innate immunity? - answer o
interferons do not protect cells already infected by a virus but rather stop the
spread of the virus to new cells.
The binding of interferons to uninfected cells triggers the synthesis of
enzymes that inhibit viral replication.
10.Function of complement system related to innate immunity - answer process
that involves approximately 20 blood plasma proteins and enhances the
action of antibodies. Complement proteins circulate in the blood in an
inactive state.
11.Function of clotting system related to innate immunity - answer is activated
during infection and injury. Ultimately participates in the inflammatory
response by attracting (chemotaxis) neutrophils to the site of injury and
causing increased vascular permeability.
12.Function of kinin system related to innate immunity - answer activation
primarily leads to the development of bradykinin. Bradykinin causes pain,
increased vascular permeability through vasodilation, neutrophil
recruitment, and smooth muscle contraction (bronchoconstriction).
,13.Why do granulomas form in chronic inflammation? How is this different
from granulation tissue? - answer o this phase usually occurs because the
acute response was not effective in eliminating or repairing the injury or
infection.
Granuloma formation is not to be confused with granulation tissue
development which is a step-in tissue repair. Granulation tissue is a
mixture of new vasculature and fibroblasts, which produces
connective tissue fibers and collagen.
14.Differentiate the functions of t cells in adaptive immunity - answer § t cells
(cellular) destroy the antigen.
T cells are responsible for hypersensitivity reactions and transplant rejection.
Helper cells can further be subdivided into t-helper (th) 1 and th 2. The th 2
cells activate, or call up, b cells to produce antibodies while the th 1 cells are
involved in the inflammatory process and the activation of macrophages.
15.Differentiate the functions of b cells in adaptive immunity - answer b cells
(humoral) produce antibodies against the antigen
· B cells mature in the bone marrow where they differentiate
into either memory cells or plasma cells
· Subsequent exposures to the antigen triggers a quick response
because memory cells recall the antigen as foreign and
antibody production occurs rapidly. This reaction is referred
to as acquired immunity. · subsequent exposures to the
antigen triggers a quick response because memory cells recall
the antigen as foreign and antibody production occurs rapidly.
This reaction is referred to as acquired immunity.
16.Name the four types of acquired immunity? - answer natural active,
artificial active, natural passive, and artificial passive.
, 17.What is natural active acquired immunity? - answer pathogens enter the
body and cause illness; antibodies form. When we just get an infection--
there is memory
Ex. Person has rubella once.
18.What is artificial active acquired immunity? - answer vaccine (live or
attenuated organisms) is injected into the body. No illness results but
antibodies form. There is memory.
Ex. Person receives measles vaccine.
19.What is natural passive acquired immunity? - answer antibodies are passed
directly from mother to child to provide temporary protection: no memory.
Ex. Passage through placenta during pregnancy; consumption of breastmilk;
lasts about 1 year.
20.What is natural artificial passive immunity? - answer antibodies are injected
into the body (antiserum) to provide temporary protection or to minimize the
severity of an infection. There is no memory.
Ex. Gamma globulin injection to treat immunologic disease, such as idiopathic
thrombocytopenia purpura; human immunoglobulin to treat hepatitis a and b.
21.What is autoantibody? - answer an antibody made by the immune system
that attacks an individual's own proteins
22.What is lysozyme? - answer an enzyme that dissolves bacterial cell walls.
23.What is pyrogens? - answer molecules that cause the systemic response of
fever
