NSG 6340 ADVANCED
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY ACTUAL PAPER 2026
VERIFIED CLINICAL SOLUTIONS HIGH
PERFORMANCE RESULTS
◉ primary effect.
Answer: desirable outcome
◉ secondary effect.
Answer: undesirable/desirable outcome
◉ onset.
Answer: time until minimum concentration
◉ peak.
Answer: maximum concentration
◉ duration.
Answer: time taken for the drug to exert effect
◉ epinephrine.
,Answer: class: adrenergic agonist
action: produces bronchodilation, cardiac, and CNS stimulation.
large doses cause vasoconstriction. small doses cause vasodilation.
therapeutic uses: acute asthma attacks, anaphylaxis, allergic
reactions, cardiac arrest
side effects: palpitations, tachycardia, HTN, dysrhythmias,
hyperglycemia
◉ albuterol.
Answer: classification: beta 2 adrenergic agonist
action: bronchodilation, cardiac stimulation
therapeutic use: exercise-induced asthma, acute bronchospasm
◉ atenolol.
Answer: classification: beta-1 adrenergic antagonist (blocker)
action: decreases HR and BP. suppresses RAAS system
therapeutic use: HTN, prevention of angina pectoris, MI
◉ bethanechol.
Answer: classification: cholinergic agonist (parasympathomimetic)
action: increases acetylcholine
therapeutic use: used for myasthenia gravis (DRYasthenia gravis).
urinary distention
, side effects: respiratory depression, bronchospasm
contraindications: hypotension, bradycardia, COPD, seizures
◉ atropine.
Answer: classification: anticholinergic
actions: increases cardiac output and HR
therapeutic use: drying up secretions. use preoperatively
◉ alprazolam (xanax).
Answer: classification: benzodiazepines (sedative-hypnotics,
anxiolytics)
action: increase GABA
therapeutic use: anxiety, panic disorders, anxiety with depressive
symptoms
side effects: hypotension, respiratory depression
drug interactions: chamomile, kava, valerian ALL increase sedative
effects
◉ lorazepam (ativan).
Answer: classification: benzodiazepine (sedative hypnotics,
anxiolytics)
action: increases GABA (WITHDRAWAL CAN CAUSE SEIZURES)
therapeutic use: anxiety, status epilepticus, insomnia
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY ACTUAL PAPER 2026
VERIFIED CLINICAL SOLUTIONS HIGH
PERFORMANCE RESULTS
◉ primary effect.
Answer: desirable outcome
◉ secondary effect.
Answer: undesirable/desirable outcome
◉ onset.
Answer: time until minimum concentration
◉ peak.
Answer: maximum concentration
◉ duration.
Answer: time taken for the drug to exert effect
◉ epinephrine.
,Answer: class: adrenergic agonist
action: produces bronchodilation, cardiac, and CNS stimulation.
large doses cause vasoconstriction. small doses cause vasodilation.
therapeutic uses: acute asthma attacks, anaphylaxis, allergic
reactions, cardiac arrest
side effects: palpitations, tachycardia, HTN, dysrhythmias,
hyperglycemia
◉ albuterol.
Answer: classification: beta 2 adrenergic agonist
action: bronchodilation, cardiac stimulation
therapeutic use: exercise-induced asthma, acute bronchospasm
◉ atenolol.
Answer: classification: beta-1 adrenergic antagonist (blocker)
action: decreases HR and BP. suppresses RAAS system
therapeutic use: HTN, prevention of angina pectoris, MI
◉ bethanechol.
Answer: classification: cholinergic agonist (parasympathomimetic)
action: increases acetylcholine
therapeutic use: used for myasthenia gravis (DRYasthenia gravis).
urinary distention
, side effects: respiratory depression, bronchospasm
contraindications: hypotension, bradycardia, COPD, seizures
◉ atropine.
Answer: classification: anticholinergic
actions: increases cardiac output and HR
therapeutic use: drying up secretions. use preoperatively
◉ alprazolam (xanax).
Answer: classification: benzodiazepines (sedative-hypnotics,
anxiolytics)
action: increase GABA
therapeutic use: anxiety, panic disorders, anxiety with depressive
symptoms
side effects: hypotension, respiratory depression
drug interactions: chamomile, kava, valerian ALL increase sedative
effects
◉ lorazepam (ativan).
Answer: classification: benzodiazepine (sedative hypnotics,
anxiolytics)
action: increases GABA (WITHDRAWAL CAN CAUSE SEIZURES)
therapeutic use: anxiety, status epilepticus, insomnia
