NUR 242 MED SURG EXAM 3 2024 NEWEST LATEST ACTUAL EXAM 250 QUES
TIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS WITH RATIONALES|ALREADY
GRADED A+||GALEN COLLEGE OF NURSING
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_jgbgi9
1. What is ventilation?: the movement of air into and out of the lungs
2. What is perfusion?: the circulation of blood through the lungs
3. What are central chemoreceptors responsive to?: increased H+ in the brain ECF;
increased PaCO2;
"hypercarbic drive"
4. What are peripheral chemoreceptors responsive to?: decreased pH;
increased PaCO2;
decreased PaO2;
"hypoxic drive"
5. What are elastic forces?: lungs recoil due to elastin, collagen, fibrin
6. What are surface forces?: surface tension due to water-air interface
7. What is airway resistance?: opposition to flow caused by the forces of friction; primarily determined
by airway radius
8. What is the distensibility of the lungs?: ease with which the lungs can be inflated
9. What is lung distensibility increased in?: neonates and children;
emphysema
10. What is lung distensibility decreased in?: elderly;
pneumonia, pulmonary edema, ARDS, atelectasis, fibrosis
11. What is surfactant?: complex substance lining the alveoli and smallest bronchioles containing phos-
pholipids and a number of apoproteins which reduces surface tension throughout the lungs, thereby contributing to
its general compliance;
stabilizes the alveoli and keeps them dry
12. What produces surfactant?: produced by the Type II alveolar cells
13. What is Ohm's law?: velocity = driving force/resistance
14. What is Poiseuille law?: resistance = (8 x viscosity x length) / (pi x radius^4)
15. What happens if the radius in the lungs goes down?: the resistance goes up
16. How is the ventilation distributed in the lungs?: the top of the lungs are more distended
and less compliant whereas the lower lung is small and highly compliant
17. What factors affect lung perfusion?: lung capacitance;
low resistance system;
, NUR 242 MED SURG EXAM 3 2024 NEWEST LATEST ACTUAL EXAM 250 QUES
TIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS WITH RATIONALES|ALREADY
GRADED A+||GALEN COLLEGE OF NURSING
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_jgbgi9
flow influenced by gravity;
resistance primarily determined by vessel radius
18. What does hypoxia lead to?: vasoconstriction of pulmonary vessels
19. What does prolonged hypoxia lead to?: pulmonary hypertension
20. What factors affect alveolar-capillary diffusion?: capillary permeability;
surface area available for diffusion;
concentration gradient for the gas;
distance for diffusion
21. What causes right shifts (decreased affinity) in Hemoglobin-O2 affinity?: -
acidemia;
hyperthermia;
hypercarbia
22. What causes left shifts (increased affinity) in Hemoglobin-O2 affinity?: alka-
lemia;
hypothermia;
hypocarbia
23. What is hypoxemia?: deficient blood oxygen;
low PaO2;
low O2 saturation
24. What is hypoxia?: decreased tissue oxygen
25. What is hypoxic hypoxia?: decreased tissue oxygen caused by decreased respirations
26. What is anemic hypoxia?: decreased tissue oxygen caused by decreased hemoglobin
27. What is circulatory hypoxia?: decreased tissue oxygen caused by decreased blood flow
28. What is histotoxic hypoxia?: decreased tissue oxygen caused by increased toxic substance
29. What is ischemia?: greatly reduced or interrupted flow through the arterial system, producing significant
tissue hypoxia
30. What is hypercapnia?: increased level of CO2 in the blood
31. What are S&S of acute hypoxia?: dyspnea; restlessness; palpitations; agitation; headache;
tremors; diaphoresis; respiratory distress; cyanosis; tachypnea; tachycardia; dysrhythmias; hypertension; lethargy;
confusion to coma
, NUR 242 MED SURG EXAM 3 2024 NEWEST LATEST ACTUAL EXAM 250 QUES
TIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS WITH RATIONALES|ALREADY
GRADED A+||GALEN COLLEGE OF NURSING
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_jgbgi9
32. What are some effects of hypercapnia?: respiratory acidosis (decreased pH from increase in
CO2); lethargy and confusion; increased HR and BP; flushed skin; arrhythmias; seizures; coma; death
33. What is dyspnea?: subjective feeling of being SOB
34. What does dyspnea lead to?: decreased sense of wellness which may cause psychological and
social consequences
35. What is the leading cause of cancer death?: lung cancer
36. What is lung cancer most likely caused by?: cigarette smoking;
asbestos;
familial predisposition
37. What are the manifestations of lung cancer?: cough, hemoptysis (blood in cough spu-
tum);
hoarseness;
chest pain;
often disseminated (spread widely) at time of diagnosis
38. What are the types of bronchogenic carcinomas?: squamous cell lung carcinoma
(25-40%);
adenocarcinoma (20-40%);
small cell carcinoma (20-25%);
large cell carcinoma (10-15%)
39. What is acute airway obstruction caused by?: foreign body aspiration;
laryngospasm (spontaneous spasm of the vocal cords);
trauma
40. What is complete acute airway obstruction?: inspiratory chest movements but no air
movement;
tachycardia, cyanosis, rapid progression to unconsciousness
41. What is partial acute airway obstruction?: stridor (harsh vibrating noise), wheezing, dyspnea,
tachypnea, tachycardia, retractions (chest moving inward)
42. What are some respiratory disorders in children?: upper airway infections: viral croup,
spasmodic croup, and epiglotitis;
lower airway infections: acute bronchiolitis
, NUR 242 MED SURG EXAM 3 2024 NEWEST LATEST ACTUAL EXAM 250 QUES
TIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS WITH RATIONALES|ALREADY
GRADED A+||GALEN COLLEGE OF NURSING
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_jgbgi9
43. What is croup (laryngotracheobronchitis)?: inflammation of the larynx with a sudden onset;
barking cough with stridor
44. What are the manifestations of viral croup?: febrile;
upper respiratory infection precedes
45. What are the manifestations of spasmodic croup?: afebrile;
may be allergic
46. What is epiglotitis?: bacterial infection of supraglottic structures;
high mortality without treatment
47. What are the clinical manifestations of epiglottitis?: fever; dyspnea; dysphagia; drool-
ing; refusal to eat; orthopnea; protruding tongue; wheezing; stridor
48. What is bronchiolitis?: viral infection of the lower airways often caused by respiratory syncytial virus
(RSV);
may lead to respiratory failure
49. What are the clinical manifestations of bronchiolitis?: breathlessness; rapid and
shallow breathing; wheezing; retractions; cyanosis; pallor
50. What are the common respiratory infections?: common cold;
influenza;
pneumonia;
tuberculosis;
fungal infections of the lung
51. What is rhinitis?: inflammation of the nasal mucosa;
infective= rhinovirus, common cold;
allergic= hay fever
52. What is sinusitis?: inflammation of the paranasal or prenasal sinuses
53. What are some viral infections of the upper respiratory tract?: rhinoviruses (most
common); parainfluenza viruses; respiratory syncytial virus; coronaviruses; adenoviruses
54. How is the common cold spread?: fingers;
coughing and sneezing;
the nasal mucosa and conjunctival surface of the eyes are the most common portals of entry for the virus
TIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS WITH RATIONALES|ALREADY
GRADED A+||GALEN COLLEGE OF NURSING
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_jgbgi9
1. What is ventilation?: the movement of air into and out of the lungs
2. What is perfusion?: the circulation of blood through the lungs
3. What are central chemoreceptors responsive to?: increased H+ in the brain ECF;
increased PaCO2;
"hypercarbic drive"
4. What are peripheral chemoreceptors responsive to?: decreased pH;
increased PaCO2;
decreased PaO2;
"hypoxic drive"
5. What are elastic forces?: lungs recoil due to elastin, collagen, fibrin
6. What are surface forces?: surface tension due to water-air interface
7. What is airway resistance?: opposition to flow caused by the forces of friction; primarily determined
by airway radius
8. What is the distensibility of the lungs?: ease with which the lungs can be inflated
9. What is lung distensibility increased in?: neonates and children;
emphysema
10. What is lung distensibility decreased in?: elderly;
pneumonia, pulmonary edema, ARDS, atelectasis, fibrosis
11. What is surfactant?: complex substance lining the alveoli and smallest bronchioles containing phos-
pholipids and a number of apoproteins which reduces surface tension throughout the lungs, thereby contributing to
its general compliance;
stabilizes the alveoli and keeps them dry
12. What produces surfactant?: produced by the Type II alveolar cells
13. What is Ohm's law?: velocity = driving force/resistance
14. What is Poiseuille law?: resistance = (8 x viscosity x length) / (pi x radius^4)
15. What happens if the radius in the lungs goes down?: the resistance goes up
16. How is the ventilation distributed in the lungs?: the top of the lungs are more distended
and less compliant whereas the lower lung is small and highly compliant
17. What factors affect lung perfusion?: lung capacitance;
low resistance system;
, NUR 242 MED SURG EXAM 3 2024 NEWEST LATEST ACTUAL EXAM 250 QUES
TIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS WITH RATIONALES|ALREADY
GRADED A+||GALEN COLLEGE OF NURSING
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_jgbgi9
flow influenced by gravity;
resistance primarily determined by vessel radius
18. What does hypoxia lead to?: vasoconstriction of pulmonary vessels
19. What does prolonged hypoxia lead to?: pulmonary hypertension
20. What factors affect alveolar-capillary diffusion?: capillary permeability;
surface area available for diffusion;
concentration gradient for the gas;
distance for diffusion
21. What causes right shifts (decreased affinity) in Hemoglobin-O2 affinity?: -
acidemia;
hyperthermia;
hypercarbia
22. What causes left shifts (increased affinity) in Hemoglobin-O2 affinity?: alka-
lemia;
hypothermia;
hypocarbia
23. What is hypoxemia?: deficient blood oxygen;
low PaO2;
low O2 saturation
24. What is hypoxia?: decreased tissue oxygen
25. What is hypoxic hypoxia?: decreased tissue oxygen caused by decreased respirations
26. What is anemic hypoxia?: decreased tissue oxygen caused by decreased hemoglobin
27. What is circulatory hypoxia?: decreased tissue oxygen caused by decreased blood flow
28. What is histotoxic hypoxia?: decreased tissue oxygen caused by increased toxic substance
29. What is ischemia?: greatly reduced or interrupted flow through the arterial system, producing significant
tissue hypoxia
30. What is hypercapnia?: increased level of CO2 in the blood
31. What are S&S of acute hypoxia?: dyspnea; restlessness; palpitations; agitation; headache;
tremors; diaphoresis; respiratory distress; cyanosis; tachypnea; tachycardia; dysrhythmias; hypertension; lethargy;
confusion to coma
, NUR 242 MED SURG EXAM 3 2024 NEWEST LATEST ACTUAL EXAM 250 QUES
TIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS WITH RATIONALES|ALREADY
GRADED A+||GALEN COLLEGE OF NURSING
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_jgbgi9
32. What are some effects of hypercapnia?: respiratory acidosis (decreased pH from increase in
CO2); lethargy and confusion; increased HR and BP; flushed skin; arrhythmias; seizures; coma; death
33. What is dyspnea?: subjective feeling of being SOB
34. What does dyspnea lead to?: decreased sense of wellness which may cause psychological and
social consequences
35. What is the leading cause of cancer death?: lung cancer
36. What is lung cancer most likely caused by?: cigarette smoking;
asbestos;
familial predisposition
37. What are the manifestations of lung cancer?: cough, hemoptysis (blood in cough spu-
tum);
hoarseness;
chest pain;
often disseminated (spread widely) at time of diagnosis
38. What are the types of bronchogenic carcinomas?: squamous cell lung carcinoma
(25-40%);
adenocarcinoma (20-40%);
small cell carcinoma (20-25%);
large cell carcinoma (10-15%)
39. What is acute airway obstruction caused by?: foreign body aspiration;
laryngospasm (spontaneous spasm of the vocal cords);
trauma
40. What is complete acute airway obstruction?: inspiratory chest movements but no air
movement;
tachycardia, cyanosis, rapid progression to unconsciousness
41. What is partial acute airway obstruction?: stridor (harsh vibrating noise), wheezing, dyspnea,
tachypnea, tachycardia, retractions (chest moving inward)
42. What are some respiratory disorders in children?: upper airway infections: viral croup,
spasmodic croup, and epiglotitis;
lower airway infections: acute bronchiolitis
, NUR 242 MED SURG EXAM 3 2024 NEWEST LATEST ACTUAL EXAM 250 QUES
TIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS WITH RATIONALES|ALREADY
GRADED A+||GALEN COLLEGE OF NURSING
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_jgbgi9
43. What is croup (laryngotracheobronchitis)?: inflammation of the larynx with a sudden onset;
barking cough with stridor
44. What are the manifestations of viral croup?: febrile;
upper respiratory infection precedes
45. What are the manifestations of spasmodic croup?: afebrile;
may be allergic
46. What is epiglotitis?: bacterial infection of supraglottic structures;
high mortality without treatment
47. What are the clinical manifestations of epiglottitis?: fever; dyspnea; dysphagia; drool-
ing; refusal to eat; orthopnea; protruding tongue; wheezing; stridor
48. What is bronchiolitis?: viral infection of the lower airways often caused by respiratory syncytial virus
(RSV);
may lead to respiratory failure
49. What are the clinical manifestations of bronchiolitis?: breathlessness; rapid and
shallow breathing; wheezing; retractions; cyanosis; pallor
50. What are the common respiratory infections?: common cold;
influenza;
pneumonia;
tuberculosis;
fungal infections of the lung
51. What is rhinitis?: inflammation of the nasal mucosa;
infective= rhinovirus, common cold;
allergic= hay fever
52. What is sinusitis?: inflammation of the paranasal or prenasal sinuses
53. What are some viral infections of the upper respiratory tract?: rhinoviruses (most
common); parainfluenza viruses; respiratory syncytial virus; coronaviruses; adenoviruses
54. How is the common cold spread?: fingers;
coughing and sneezing;
the nasal mucosa and conjunctival surface of the eyes are the most common portals of entry for the virus
