Cardiac Anatomy and Physiology: Heart Valves, Blood
Flow, and the Cardiac Cycle Questions With Complete
Solutions
Activation Correct Answers The process in which activated
platelets change shape and release chemical signals.
Acute Adaptation Correct Answers Short-term changes during
one exercise bout, including increases in heart rate, cardiac
output, ventilation, and oxygen delivery.
Adhesion Correct Answers The process where platelets bind to
exposed collagen via specific receptors at the site of vessel
injury.
Afterload Correct Answers Resistance the ventricle must
overcome to eject blood.
Aggregation Correct Answers The process where recruited
platelets adhere to one another, forming the platelet plug.
Alveolar Collapse Correct Answers Occurs when surfactant is
low, leading to low compliance and labored breathing.
Alveolar hypoventilation Correct Answers poor ventilation
resulting in reduced air movement
Alveolar Macrophages Correct Answers Cells that remove
debris and pathogens from the alveoli.
,Alveolar Ventilation Correct Answers Calculated as (VT - VD)
x respiratory rate.
Alveoli Correct Answers Tiny air sacs where gas exchange
occurs.
Anatomical Dead Space (VD) Correct Answers Approximately
150 mL of air that remains in conducting airways, not available
for gas exchange.
Anemic hypoxia Correct Answers Caused by blood loss,
anemia, or reduced hemoglobin-oxygen binding (e.g., CO
poisoning).
Aorta Correct Answers Main artery delivering blood to
systemic circulation.
Aortic Semilunar Valve Correct Answers Opens when the left
ventricle contracts, allowing blood to flow into the aorta.
Apneustic center Correct Answers A center in the pons that
prolongs inspiration and fine-tunes the depth of breathing.
Arterial PO₂ Correct Answers The partial pressure of oxygen
in arterial blood, which the body adjusts breathing rate and
depth to keep stable.
Arterial PO₂ and PCO₂ Correct Answers The partial pressures
of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the arterial blood, which
remain nearly constant despite increased metabolism.
,Arteries Correct Answers Carry blood away from heart
(usually oxygenated) and have thick, elastic, muscular walls to
handle pressure surges.
Arterioles Correct Answers Regulate resistance and blood
distribution
Asthma Correct Answers Condition characterized by wheezing
and narrow bronchioles due to airway inflammation.
Atrial contraction Correct Answers Active squeeze that helps
fill the ventricles.
Atrial fibrillation (A-fib) Correct Answers Multiple ectopic
pacemakers in atria fire randomly, causing uncoordinated atrial
depolarization.
Automatic back-up system Correct Answers Slower
pacemakers can still maintain life if all else fails.
Autorhythmic cells Correct Answers Specialized cardiac
muscle cells that generate their own action potentials and
regulate the heartbeat.
AV bundle Correct Answers Passes from the AV node through
the interventricular septum and is the only electrical connection
between atria and ventricles.
AV conduction block Correct Answers Electrical signal from
SA node is delayed or completely blocked before reaching
ventricles.
, AV node Correct Answers Atrioventricular node; slows
conduction to allow ventricular filling.
AV node backup pacemaker Correct Answers Can take over if
the SA node fails, but heart rate will drop to approximately 50
bpm.
AV node function Correct Answers Receives SA node
impulses; slow conduction before sending signal to ventricles,
allowing atria to finish contracting.
AV node intrinsic rhythm Correct Answers Approximately 50
bpm.
AV valves Correct Answers Atrioventricular valves that open
during ventricular filling (diastole).
Baroreceptor Reflex Correct Answers Fastest blood pressure
control system that stabilizes short-term BP within seconds.
Basic rhythm of breathing Correct Answers The rhythmic
pattern of inspiration and expiration generated by the Pre-
Bötzinger Complex.
Blood as connective tissue Correct Answers Fits the
description because it has cells (RBC's, WBC's, platelets),
matrix (plasma), and fibers (fibrin).
Blood composition Correct Answers Main components: Water
(90%), proteins, electrolytes, nutrients, hormones (55% Plasma).
Flow, and the Cardiac Cycle Questions With Complete
Solutions
Activation Correct Answers The process in which activated
platelets change shape and release chemical signals.
Acute Adaptation Correct Answers Short-term changes during
one exercise bout, including increases in heart rate, cardiac
output, ventilation, and oxygen delivery.
Adhesion Correct Answers The process where platelets bind to
exposed collagen via specific receptors at the site of vessel
injury.
Afterload Correct Answers Resistance the ventricle must
overcome to eject blood.
Aggregation Correct Answers The process where recruited
platelets adhere to one another, forming the platelet plug.
Alveolar Collapse Correct Answers Occurs when surfactant is
low, leading to low compliance and labored breathing.
Alveolar hypoventilation Correct Answers poor ventilation
resulting in reduced air movement
Alveolar Macrophages Correct Answers Cells that remove
debris and pathogens from the alveoli.
,Alveolar Ventilation Correct Answers Calculated as (VT - VD)
x respiratory rate.
Alveoli Correct Answers Tiny air sacs where gas exchange
occurs.
Anatomical Dead Space (VD) Correct Answers Approximately
150 mL of air that remains in conducting airways, not available
for gas exchange.
Anemic hypoxia Correct Answers Caused by blood loss,
anemia, or reduced hemoglobin-oxygen binding (e.g., CO
poisoning).
Aorta Correct Answers Main artery delivering blood to
systemic circulation.
Aortic Semilunar Valve Correct Answers Opens when the left
ventricle contracts, allowing blood to flow into the aorta.
Apneustic center Correct Answers A center in the pons that
prolongs inspiration and fine-tunes the depth of breathing.
Arterial PO₂ Correct Answers The partial pressure of oxygen
in arterial blood, which the body adjusts breathing rate and
depth to keep stable.
Arterial PO₂ and PCO₂ Correct Answers The partial pressures
of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the arterial blood, which
remain nearly constant despite increased metabolism.
,Arteries Correct Answers Carry blood away from heart
(usually oxygenated) and have thick, elastic, muscular walls to
handle pressure surges.
Arterioles Correct Answers Regulate resistance and blood
distribution
Asthma Correct Answers Condition characterized by wheezing
and narrow bronchioles due to airway inflammation.
Atrial contraction Correct Answers Active squeeze that helps
fill the ventricles.
Atrial fibrillation (A-fib) Correct Answers Multiple ectopic
pacemakers in atria fire randomly, causing uncoordinated atrial
depolarization.
Automatic back-up system Correct Answers Slower
pacemakers can still maintain life if all else fails.
Autorhythmic cells Correct Answers Specialized cardiac
muscle cells that generate their own action potentials and
regulate the heartbeat.
AV bundle Correct Answers Passes from the AV node through
the interventricular septum and is the only electrical connection
between atria and ventricles.
AV conduction block Correct Answers Electrical signal from
SA node is delayed or completely blocked before reaching
ventricles.
, AV node Correct Answers Atrioventricular node; slows
conduction to allow ventricular filling.
AV node backup pacemaker Correct Answers Can take over if
the SA node fails, but heart rate will drop to approximately 50
bpm.
AV node function Correct Answers Receives SA node
impulses; slow conduction before sending signal to ventricles,
allowing atria to finish contracting.
AV node intrinsic rhythm Correct Answers Approximately 50
bpm.
AV valves Correct Answers Atrioventricular valves that open
during ventricular filling (diastole).
Baroreceptor Reflex Correct Answers Fastest blood pressure
control system that stabilizes short-term BP within seconds.
Basic rhythm of breathing Correct Answers The rhythmic
pattern of inspiration and expiration generated by the Pre-
Bötzinger Complex.
Blood as connective tissue Correct Answers Fits the
description because it has cells (RBC's, WBC's, platelets),
matrix (plasma), and fibers (fibrin).
Blood composition Correct Answers Main components: Water
(90%), proteins, electrolytes, nutrients, hormones (55% Plasma).
