NUR 2392 EXAMINATION STUDY GUIDE
2026 COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND
ANSWER
◉ Stomatitis.
Answer: Inflammation of the oral mucosa, frequently due to
infection, medications, or autoimmune disease. May involve painful
ulcers.
◉ Oral candidiasis (thrush).
Answer: A fungal infection from Candida albicans that appears as
creamy white plaques, leaving a red base when wiped. Common in
immunocompromised patients or after antibiotic use.
◉ Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD).
Answer: Chronic backflow of gastric contents into the esophagus,
causing mucosal injury.
- causes: weak or incompetent lower esophageal sphincter (LES),
increased intra-abdominal pressure, hiatal hernia, and smoking and
high-fat diets.
- S/S: pyrosis (heartburn), regurgitation, dysphagia, chronic cough
or hoarseness.
,◉ Esophageal Cancer.
Answer: Cancer of the esophagus.
- risk factors: smoking, alcohol, chronic GERD (especially Barrett's
esophagus), obesity.
- S/S: dysphagia, weight loss, persistent cough.
◉ Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD).
Answer: Open sores in the mucosa of the stomach or duodenum;
caused by disruption of mucosal defense, allowing acid and pepsin
to erode the epithelium.
- causes: H. pylori infection, chronic NSAID use, stress-related
mucosal damage.
- two types: gastric and duodenal ulcers.
◉ Gastric Ulcers.
Answer: Ulcers that form in the stomach lining; pain worsened with
food.
◉ Duodenal Ulcers.
Answer: Ulcers that form in the duodenum; pain relieved with food.
◉ Oral Cavity and Oropharyngeal Cancers.
, Answer: Squamous cell carcinomas of the oral and oropharyngeal
cavities.
- risk factors: tobacco, alcohol, HPV.
- S/S: non-healing mouth sores, dysphagia, weight loss.
◉ Gastric Cancer.
Answer: Cancer of the stomach often diagnosed late.
- causes: H. pylori infection, smoking, pernicious anemia, diets high
in salted/smoked foods.
- S/S: early satiety, weight loss, epigastric pain, fatigue.
◉ Malnutrition.
Answer: Lack of proper nutrition.
- causes: inadequate intake, malabsorption, chronic illness.
- S/S: muscular atrophy, weight loss, dry skin, brittle nails.
◉ Obesity.
Answer: BMI >30.
◉ Modifiable Risk Factors.
Answer: Behaviors or exposures that can be changed through
education, lifestyle change, or medical intervention.
2026 COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND
ANSWER
◉ Stomatitis.
Answer: Inflammation of the oral mucosa, frequently due to
infection, medications, or autoimmune disease. May involve painful
ulcers.
◉ Oral candidiasis (thrush).
Answer: A fungal infection from Candida albicans that appears as
creamy white plaques, leaving a red base when wiped. Common in
immunocompromised patients or after antibiotic use.
◉ Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD).
Answer: Chronic backflow of gastric contents into the esophagus,
causing mucosal injury.
- causes: weak or incompetent lower esophageal sphincter (LES),
increased intra-abdominal pressure, hiatal hernia, and smoking and
high-fat diets.
- S/S: pyrosis (heartburn), regurgitation, dysphagia, chronic cough
or hoarseness.
,◉ Esophageal Cancer.
Answer: Cancer of the esophagus.
- risk factors: smoking, alcohol, chronic GERD (especially Barrett's
esophagus), obesity.
- S/S: dysphagia, weight loss, persistent cough.
◉ Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD).
Answer: Open sores in the mucosa of the stomach or duodenum;
caused by disruption of mucosal defense, allowing acid and pepsin
to erode the epithelium.
- causes: H. pylori infection, chronic NSAID use, stress-related
mucosal damage.
- two types: gastric and duodenal ulcers.
◉ Gastric Ulcers.
Answer: Ulcers that form in the stomach lining; pain worsened with
food.
◉ Duodenal Ulcers.
Answer: Ulcers that form in the duodenum; pain relieved with food.
◉ Oral Cavity and Oropharyngeal Cancers.
, Answer: Squamous cell carcinomas of the oral and oropharyngeal
cavities.
- risk factors: tobacco, alcohol, HPV.
- S/S: non-healing mouth sores, dysphagia, weight loss.
◉ Gastric Cancer.
Answer: Cancer of the stomach often diagnosed late.
- causes: H. pylori infection, smoking, pernicious anemia, diets high
in salted/smoked foods.
- S/S: early satiety, weight loss, epigastric pain, fatigue.
◉ Malnutrition.
Answer: Lack of proper nutrition.
- causes: inadequate intake, malabsorption, chronic illness.
- S/S: muscular atrophy, weight loss, dry skin, brittle nails.
◉ Obesity.
Answer: BMI >30.
◉ Modifiable Risk Factors.
Answer: Behaviors or exposures that can be changed through
education, lifestyle change, or medical intervention.
