BIO 148 Unit 6 Exam Solved Correctly
Biological Species concept - Answer- The definition of a species as a population or
group of populations that are reproductively isolated from other groups. Members of a
species have the potential to interbreed in nature to produce viable, fertile offspring but
cannot produce viable, fertile hybrid offspring other species.
Clade (monophyletic group) - Answer- An evolutionary unit that includes an ancestral
population and all of its descendants but no others.
Allopatric speciation - Answer- The divergence of populations into different species by
physical isolation of populations in different geographic areas
Beneficial - Answer- In genetics, referring to any mutation, allele, or trait that increases
an individual's fitness.
Cladistics approach - Answer- A method for constructing a phylogenetic tree that is
based on identifying the unique traits of each monophyletic group.
Convergent evolution - Answer- The independent evolution of analogous traits in
distantly related organisms due to adaptation to similar environments and a similar way
of life.
Deleterious - Answer- In genetics, referring to any mutation or allele that reduces an
individual's fitness
Derived trait - Answer- A trait that is clearly homologous with a trait found in an
ancestor, but which has a new form.
Directional Selection - Answer- A pattern of natural selection that favors one extreme
phenotype with the result that the average phenotype of a population changes in one
direction. Generally reduces overall genetic variation in a population.
Disruptive Selection - Answer- A pattern of natural selection that favors extreme
phenotypes at both ends of the
range of phenotypic variation. Generally increases overall genetic variation in a
population.
Founder effect - Answer- A change in allele frequencies that often occurs when a new
population is established from
a small group of individuals (founder event) due to sampling error (i.e., the small group
is not a representative sample of the source population).
Gene flow - Answer- The movement of alleles between populations; occurs when
individuals leave one population,
, join another, and breed.
Gene pool - Answer- All of the alleles of all of the genes in a certain population
Genetic bottleneck - Answer- A reduction in the size of a large population (population
bottleneck) due to a random
event. Can lead to a change in allele frequencies and increases the effect of genetic
drift.
Genetic Drift - Answer- Any change in allele frequencies due to random events. Causes
allele frequencies to drift up
and down randomly over time, and eventually can lead to the fixation or loss of alleles.
Is more severe in smaller populations.
Genetic variation - Answer- The number and relative frequency of alleles present in a
particular population.
Homoplasy - Answer- Similarity among organisms of different species due to
convergent evolution.
Monophyletic group - Answer- An evolutionary unit that includes an ancestral population
and all of its descendants but
no others. Also called a clade or lineage.
Morphology - Answer- The shape and appearance of an organism's body and its
component parts.
Morphospecies concept - Answer- The definition of a species as a population or group
of populations that have measurably different anatomical features from other groups
Mutation - Answer- Any permanent change in the hereditary material of an organism
Outgroup - Answer- A taxon that is closely related to a particular monophyletic group
but is not part of it.
Paraphyletic group - Answer- An evolutionary unit that includes an ancestral population
and some but not all of its descendants.
Parsimony - Answer- The logical principle that the most likely explanation of a
phenomenon is the most economical or simplest. When applied to comparison of
alternative phylogenetic trees, it suggests that the one requiring the fewest evolutionary
changes is most likely to be correct
Phenetic approach - Answer- A method for constructing a phylogenetic tree by
computing a statistic that summarizes the overall similarity among populations, based
on the available data
Biological Species concept - Answer- The definition of a species as a population or
group of populations that are reproductively isolated from other groups. Members of a
species have the potential to interbreed in nature to produce viable, fertile offspring but
cannot produce viable, fertile hybrid offspring other species.
Clade (monophyletic group) - Answer- An evolutionary unit that includes an ancestral
population and all of its descendants but no others.
Allopatric speciation - Answer- The divergence of populations into different species by
physical isolation of populations in different geographic areas
Beneficial - Answer- In genetics, referring to any mutation, allele, or trait that increases
an individual's fitness.
Cladistics approach - Answer- A method for constructing a phylogenetic tree that is
based on identifying the unique traits of each monophyletic group.
Convergent evolution - Answer- The independent evolution of analogous traits in
distantly related organisms due to adaptation to similar environments and a similar way
of life.
Deleterious - Answer- In genetics, referring to any mutation or allele that reduces an
individual's fitness
Derived trait - Answer- A trait that is clearly homologous with a trait found in an
ancestor, but which has a new form.
Directional Selection - Answer- A pattern of natural selection that favors one extreme
phenotype with the result that the average phenotype of a population changes in one
direction. Generally reduces overall genetic variation in a population.
Disruptive Selection - Answer- A pattern of natural selection that favors extreme
phenotypes at both ends of the
range of phenotypic variation. Generally increases overall genetic variation in a
population.
Founder effect - Answer- A change in allele frequencies that often occurs when a new
population is established from
a small group of individuals (founder event) due to sampling error (i.e., the small group
is not a representative sample of the source population).
Gene flow - Answer- The movement of alleles between populations; occurs when
individuals leave one population,
, join another, and breed.
Gene pool - Answer- All of the alleles of all of the genes in a certain population
Genetic bottleneck - Answer- A reduction in the size of a large population (population
bottleneck) due to a random
event. Can lead to a change in allele frequencies and increases the effect of genetic
drift.
Genetic Drift - Answer- Any change in allele frequencies due to random events. Causes
allele frequencies to drift up
and down randomly over time, and eventually can lead to the fixation or loss of alleles.
Is more severe in smaller populations.
Genetic variation - Answer- The number and relative frequency of alleles present in a
particular population.
Homoplasy - Answer- Similarity among organisms of different species due to
convergent evolution.
Monophyletic group - Answer- An evolutionary unit that includes an ancestral population
and all of its descendants but
no others. Also called a clade or lineage.
Morphology - Answer- The shape and appearance of an organism's body and its
component parts.
Morphospecies concept - Answer- The definition of a species as a population or group
of populations that have measurably different anatomical features from other groups
Mutation - Answer- Any permanent change in the hereditary material of an organism
Outgroup - Answer- A taxon that is closely related to a particular monophyletic group
but is not part of it.
Paraphyletic group - Answer- An evolutionary unit that includes an ancestral population
and some but not all of its descendants.
Parsimony - Answer- The logical principle that the most likely explanation of a
phenomenon is the most economical or simplest. When applied to comparison of
alternative phylogenetic trees, it suggests that the one requiring the fewest evolutionary
changes is most likely to be correct
Phenetic approach - Answer- A method for constructing a phylogenetic tree by
computing a statistic that summarizes the overall similarity among populations, based
on the available data
