AGM 2050 PRIN OF FABRICATION EXAM 3 QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED SOLUTIONS LATEST UPDATE 2026

AGM 2050 PRIN OF FABRICATION EXAM 3 QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED SOLUTIONS LATEST UPDATE 2026 7 Types of Roofs - Answers Hip, Ma7 Types of Roofs - Answers Hip, Mansard, Butterfly, Shed, Gable, Gambrel, Flat How do you calculate roof slope? - Answers Slope= Rise/Run What is a conventional slope? - Answers 4(rise) 12(run) and up What is a low slope? - Answers 2(rise) 12(run) to 4(rise) 12(run) What is a flat slope? - Answers 0(rise) 12(run) to 2(rise) 12(run) What are "Ridge Boards" - Answers Typically at the top connecting the ends of opposing rafters What are "Roof Plates" - Answers Structural pieces that support rafters from the bottom end, "weight bearing" What are "Common Rafters" - Answers Uniform lengthen rafters regularly spaced What are "Jack Rafters" - Answers Shorter than common rafters, typically at beginning and ends of a hip or valley What are "Hip Rafters" - Answers Outside corner rafter that jack rafters attach to What are "Vally Rafters" - Answers Inside corner rafter that jack rafters attach to Tail - Answers tail end of rafter that is beyond perimeter of wall structure Pitch - Answers Slope of roof Bird's Mouth - Answers the joint that connects the rafter to the top of the plate of a supporting wall Projection - Answers describes anything extending beyond the exterior walls Plate - Answers laid along the top of a wall to support and distribute the pressure from joists, rafters, etc. toe bearing - Answers poor framing practice weak and can result in cracks typical end bearing or heal bearing - Answers joist is 1-1/2" Step-Off Method - Answers Errors are cumulative...can be accurate if careful • Calculations very easy...no calculator required • Done entirely with framing square Rafter Table Method - Answers Most accurate method (tie) • Minor calculations required (simple algebra) • Relatively quick, most commonly used Calculate Method - Answers Most accurate method (tie) • Calculation intensive (geometry or trigonometry) • Relatively slow, not commonly used Scale Method - Answers Least accurate method, but fastest • No calculations whatsoever required Safety for carpentry work - Answers Safety glasses Steel-toed shoes Hard hat when on site Gloves for rough materials Respirator (paint, insulation, dust) No loose or flammable clothing Correct tools for each job Lift heavy objects properly Avoid falls & falling objects Fire safety Remove protruding nails Light Framing-Grade Lumber (Can be sold wet) - Answers Most wood sold in lumberyards falls within the light framing classification Construction-grade, with 34% bending strength Standard-grade, with 19% bending strength Utility-grade, with 9% bending strength. Structural Light Framing Grade Lumber - Answers Select structural (67 percent), "select" 1 (55 percent) 2 (45 percent) 3 (26 percent) Studs Grade and Structural Joist and Planks Grade - Answers Structural joists and planks grade has four grades with names and bending strengths almost identical to the four grades of structural light framing grade. Only in larger dimensions. Softwood Lumber - Answers From needleleaf, coniferous trees (SPF) Grading based on principles set by the American Lumber Standards Committee Four classifications: Boards Dimensional lumber Timber Factory & shop lumber Which of the following classifications could not be used for softwood lumber? Boards Dimensional lumber timbers factory and shop lumber none of these, they are all used to classify softwood - Answers none of these, they are all used to classify softwood Hardwood Lumber - Answers From deciduous or broadleaf trees Hardwood lumber grades established by the National Hardwood Lumber Association 1 = FAS (Firsts and Seconds) Minimum 6" wide, 8' long, 83.3% clear cuttings 2 = Selects Minimum 4" wide, 6' long 3 = No. 1 Common 66.7 % clear cuttings Stacking, Seasoning, and Storing Lumber - Answers Air drying sufficient for most purposes Kiln drying for flooring and furniture Stacking is key: Slope stack ½" per ft length Grain should run down slope Overlap each layer with preceding (½" overhang per ft stack height) Layers separated with cross strips After 1 yr, lumber can be stacked tightly Calculating Lumber Volume - Answers Board foot = Piece of lumber 1" thick, 12" wide, and 12" long, or 144 in3 -Less than 1" thick...Call it 1" -Plywood sold by square feet -Trim, molding sold by the lineal foot Unit conversion factor: 1 board foot = 144 in3 One Board foot is how many cubic inches - Answers 144 in3 T/F plywood is sold by the Board-foot - Answers False POWER WOODWORKING - Answers Tape Measure Features - Answers Stand-out -How far a tape extends without support -Wider and higher quality tapes have a greater stand-out Tape Case Protects blade and retraction spring -Molded rubber bumpers help extend life End Hook -Riveted in place, designed to slide slightly -Slide distance equal to thickness of hook to compensate for hooked vs. butted measurements -Control retraction speed to protect end hook Blade lock -Secures blade while taking a measurement Readability -Sometimes too much writing on tape can be distracting Safety in Power Woodworking - Answers Obtain instructor's permission Wear proper clothing Protect your scalp and hair Keep guards in place Avoid shock Keep work area clean Unplug the machine Work only at operating speed Shut off machine...done Store unused accessories Do not overreach Avoid distractions Know the switch locations Know each machine Use a dust-collecting machine Observe work zones Protect your eyes and face Never stop moving parts abruptly Table Saw Safety - Answers Do not wear gloves Remove bracelets, rings Check blade for broken teeth & cracks Stand to one side of saw blade Never reach across blade Avoid awkward positions Never raise blade more than ¼" above work Don't rip round, irregular stock Ripsaw Blade - Answers Chisel-like teeth, hooked forward Teeth filed square across front and back of each tooth Used for sawing with the grain (ripping) Teeth cut small chips from the end of the grain with chisel-like action Should not be used for cross-cutting... will splinter lumber Crosscut Saw - Answers Smaller teeth than ripsaw teeth Front of tooth in line with center of arbor hole Back of tooth 60o with front of tooth 10o bevel on teeth, forming sharp edge on one side of tooth...alternating directions Teeth set in same direction in which they point Should not be used for ripping General Purpose - Answers Combined characteristics of ripsaw and crosscut saw teeth Front of each tooth is filed straight across Back is filed at 5o bevel to form a point on the outside edge of tooth Chiseling action and cutting action Not great for either ripping or crosscutting Saves blade-changing time Combination Saw - Answers Both cutting and raking teeth Groups of three or four cutting teeth and one raking tooth Gives excellent cut for ripping or crosscutting Material must be cut very slowly Dado Heads - Answers Used for cutting grooves, rabbets, tenons, and dadoes Special table inserts needed Combination Cutter and Chipper Dado Head - Answers Two outside cutters with chippers placed between cutters Chippers are various thicknesses Width of cut controlled by number of chippers and cutters used Space chippers so that cutting edges are in gullets of teeth outside cutters Place chippers so distance between cutting edge is about the same Use both cutters whenever using chippers Quick-set Dado Head - Answers Also known as wobble head Cylinder with cutters between beveled washers Adjusted easily to different widths of cut without being removed from arbor Adjustment by rotating cylinder between the washers with arbor nut loose Maximum cut depends on size of head Rabbeting vs Dadoing vs Tenoning - Answers Rabbets are grooves or notches cut on the edge of boards (all of the grooves in lab were rabbets) Dado slots are grooves or notches in the interior of a board, like those used to support shelves Tenons are cuts that fit into mortises, used for furniture joints, usually glued Squaring Saw Blade with Table - Answers Run blade up as high as it will go and set pointer to 90o Place square between blade and table Make adjustments to stop and pointer as necessary Run blade back down Adjusting and Checking the Fence - Answers Set fence to desired rip by measuring between outer edge of blade and fence Lock fence into position and measure again at the front of the blade and the back If measurements are not equal, adjust fence accordingly Use of rip gauge is generally not recommended Changing Saw Blade - Answers Arbor nuts are loosened in the same direction that blade runs Hold blade in position with piece of wood against teeth Teeth should always point in direction that saw runs Radial Arm Saw Safety - Answers Remove nails, etc Remove wood scraps safely Pull saw through stock slowly Return saw to column Adjust saw stop Hold stock correctly Use anti-kickback device Use sharp blades Tighten all locking handles securely Band Saw Safety - Answers Use push stick Check for proper clearance Remove scrap safely Use safe blades Avoid backing out Cut small curves carefully Do not touch a broken blade Keep fingers away from blade Jointer Safety - Answers Use a push block Joint with the grain Keep knives sharp and tight Keep stock against fence Remove nails, etc Before jointing, lock the fence Keep hands away from cutterhead Do not modify cutterhead Adjusting the Jointer Tables - Answers Front table adjusted to get desired depth of cut Rear table adjusted as rest for board after it passes through cutters -Should be same height as cutters in most cases Planer Safety - Answers Wear hand protection Never look at running planer Clean planer properly Pass stock around the planer Clean the stock Use correct number of knives Never surface small stock Use the same thickness stock Keep hands away a safe distance Wear hearing protection Belt Sanders - Answers Most powerful of portable sanders Strip off paint and varnish Remove rust & corrosion Finish plastics and polish Belt speed: 14 ft/sec Use of Belt Sander - Answers Secure material in vise or with clamps One hand on front knob, one on handle Full running speed before contact with work First touch heel, then entire sander Back and forth movement, with the grain Traverse sideways with each stroke Straight Line and Orbital Sanders - Answers Referred to as finishing sanders Light sanding, touch-up, finishing work Straight line: 9,000 strokes per minute Disk Sanders - Answers Attachments for side grinders, drills Rough sanding, paint removal, coarse shaping Can chip, gouge, and swirl...not recommended for finish work Contour Sanders - Answers For irregular, curved, and contoured surfaces Stiff brushes backed with abrasive paper Mount on lathes, drill presses, drills Wood Chisels - Answers Sized according to width of blade Concave to flat cutting edge Keep sharp for more control Used for squaring inside corners, mortising hinges, etc. Drills - Answers Corded or portable Sized according to chuck size (1/4", 3/8", 1/2", 3/4", 1") Some with keyless chucks Drill Chuck Replacement - Answers Unplug tool or remove battery Remove LH thread screw (if present) from inside of chuck Tighten a hex wrench into jaws Strike wrench counter-clockwise with mallet to free and unscrew chuck Screw new chuck onto spindle Tighten a hex wrench into jaws Strike wrench clockwise with mallet several times Replace LH thread screw inside chuck (if present) Types of Drill Bits - Answers Spur bits Forstner Bits Countersinks Auger bits Twist drills Spade bits Hole saws Drill Bit Specs - Answers Auger bits...Size of bit indicated by number on shank (represents 16ths) i.e. #8 = 8/16 = 1/2 ... #20 = 20/16 = 1¼ Countersinks... Wood Screws - Answers Slotted or Phillips head Flat, oval, or round Sized by length and shank diameter -shanks sized with gauge numbers (0 - 24) Routers - Answers Rotary tool, bit mounted in chuck Rabbets, grooves, dadoes, circles, inlays, mortises, tenons, profiles With sharp bit, sanding unnecessary Speeds up to 33,000 rpm Depth set with adjustable base Some bits have ball bearings Glues - Answers White glue -Wood, paper, cork, cloth -Liquid, only slightly water-resistant -30 min drying Plastic-resin glue -Wood, leather -Powder, water- resistant, but not waterproof -6 hr drying time Yellow glue -Wood, paper, cork, cloth -Liquid, waterproof -30 min to 1 hr drying Contact cement -Wood, plastics -No clamping necessary -Water-resistant, not waterproof -Dries on contact Types of Clamps - Answers Screw clamp Bar clamp Pipe clamp Quick grip Spring clamp Cross Cut Saw and Ripsaw - Answers Straight sawing in hand woodwork 18" to 26" Coarseness determined by # of points per inch (5.5pt, 8pt, 11pt) Sharpen with file Curved Sawing - Answers Compass, keyhole Coping saw Miter Boxes - Answers For squaring and angles from 45o to 90o Replaced by power version (miter saw...chop) - 10" ok for some stuff, 12" ideal - 12" sliding miter saw even better - Compound or simple Jig Saws - Answers Saves time and money Cuts all forms of material Bevel cutting sometimes feature Circular Saws - Answers Crosscutting, ripping, combination, miter, and plunge cutting Sized by diameter of blade ◦ 6 ¼" - 8 ½" Different blades available -Combination most common Smooth Plane (Hand Plane) - Answers 7" to 10" long Smoothing short straight surfaces and long, irregular surfaces Jack Plane (Hand Plane) - Answers 11 ½" to 15" long General purpose plane (rough and smooth) Jointer Plane (Hand Plane) - Answers 22" to 24" long Straightening & smoothing long stock Block Planes - Answers Angle of iron much flatter than other planes, only 4" to 7" Hold with one hand, not two Planing - Answers Pressure on knob, push forward End of board, rock pressure to heel Strokes, arm length -Complete width before progressing Maintain very sharp edge Remove high points (tricks) Scrapers and Spokeshaves - Answers Used to work: -Curved surfaces -Round or square stock -Examples: Chairs, Wooden boats, Bow The cutting angle is determined by how the tool is held. -This takes practice Types of Scrapers and Spokeshaves - Answers Straight Handle Bent Handle Concave Cutter Convex Cutter Double Cutter Wood Rasps - Answers Different coarsenesses, lengths, shapes Smoothing irregular shapes Rounding stock Fitting joints Fitting tool handles Like a file for wood BUILDING CONSTRUCTION: FLOOR SYSTEMS - Answers Joists - Answers Supports of the floor frame -Rest on top of sill or double plates Girders - Answers Provide extra support in the case that the span (distance between walls) is too great for joists - Aka: Beams - Solid timbers - Built-up lumber - Steel beams Termite Shields - Answers Termites enter through cracks in masonry, etc. to feed on wood -Wood sill should be at least 8" above ground - Protective metal shield should extend over foundation wall T/F Crowns should always be turned upward - Answers true When a wall runs parallel to the joists... - Answers ...a double joist is placed underneath it Trimmers: - Answers Joists doubled around openings in floor for stairways, fireplaces, etc. Uniform Building Code: - Answers Nails should not be spaced closer than ½ their length, nor closer to the edge than ¼ their length Framing Openings - Answers First, set the trimmer joists in place - Sometimes a regular joist can serve as a trimmer Cut the tail headers to length - Transfer layout from the main header to the tail headers Continue with steps on following slides Bridging serves two purposes - Answers Holds joist in a vertical position - Transfers the load from one joist to the next T/F Bridging is used to hold joists in a vertical position and transfers the load from one joist to another - Answers True Subfloor serves three purposes - Answers - Adds rigidity to structure - Provides base for finish flooring material - Provides surface for layout and construction of walls, etc. Why is plywood used for subfloor in most modern construction? - Answers - Provides smooth, even base - Adds strength to the building - Can be installed rapidly - When installed properly, usually ensures a squeak-free floor WALL AND CELING SYSTEMS - Answers Full stud vs Cripple stud - Answers Full stud is full length of wall, Cripple is only part of the walls length stopped by a rough sill Sole Plate - Answers Plate at bottom of wall Trimmer - Answers goes on full stud when there is a cripple beside it or when there is a gap in the wall Rough sill vs Header - Answers rough sill is the attached to the lower cripple studs and the header is attached to the higher cripple studs CARPENTRY: FASTENERS AND INSULATION - Answers Insulation - Answers Insulation has high resistance to heat flow Minimizes heat loss from a building 5 types on insulation - Answers - Batt (blanket) - Loose-fill - Rigid - Reflective - Formed-in-place Batt Insulation - Answers Most common type of insulation used • Several materials used - Fiberglass - Cellulose - Cotton - Mineral wool • Backed with asphalt paper or metal foil as vapor barrier • Sold in 8' lengths and rolls up to 100' long • Widths normally 16" and 24" Loose-fill Insulation - Answers Similar materials as batt insulation...also - Granulated cork - Vermiculite • Sold in bags or bales • Poured or blown in place • Must account for lack of vapor barrier Rigid Insulation - Answers • Made of: - Cellulose fiber - Fiberglass - Polyuerthane • Used on the outside of stud walls Formed-In-Place Insulation - Answers Sprayed and plastic foams • Liquid components or expandable pellets • Special equipment required AGRICULTURAL STRUCTURES - Answers Pole Construction - Answers Large portion of ag structures ◦ Uses: Animal Barns, Hay Storage, Equipment Storage