FRESENIUS PCT FINAL EXAM STUDY
QUESTIONS, LATEST UPDATE 2026/2027,
WITH CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS
ALREADY GRADED A+ PASS GUARANTEED
What are the 2 most common electrolytes we use in Dialysis? -
ANSWER Potassium and Calcium
What is Diffusion? - ANSWER high concentration to low concentration
What is another word for Diffusion? - ANSWER Conductive Solute
What does Diffusion do in Dialysis? - ANSWER Removes waste from the
blood.
What are the anatomical structures of the urinary system in order of urine flow? -
ANSWER (2) Kidneys, (2) ureters, (1) bladder, (1) urethra.
Which of the functions of healthy kidneys are replaced by dialysis? -
ANSWER Removal of waste products, and Regulation of fluid balance
, What is the function of renin? - ANSWER Renin is a hormone produced by the
kidneys with important effects on the regulation of blood pressure, and on sodium
and potassium balance
Erythropoietin - ANSWER stimulates the bone marrow to produce red blood
cells (RBSc).
Why must the kidney activate Vitamin D? - ANSWER The kidney converts
Vitamin D to Calcitriol, its activated form. This activated form of Vitamin D helps
to maintain good bone health by helping absorb calcium from foods eaten
What causes renal osteodystrophy (bone disease)? - ANSWER No longer
produces calcitriol - the active form of Vitamin D. Inadequate or lacking calcitriol
causes demineralization of the bone - bone begins to break down to release the
calcium needed for body functioning No longer excretes excess phosphorus (PO4).
Phosphorus is found in most foods and beverages o Increased PO4 levels cause
further calcium bone loss
What are the body fluid compartments? - ANSWER Intracellular-inside the
cells • Extracellular-outside the cells • Intravascular-inside the blood vessels •
Interstitial-between the cells
What is homeostasis? - ANSWER Maintaining a stable internal environment
uremia - ANSWER build up of waste
,What is a semi-permeable membrane? - ANSWER A membrane made from
protein, with small pores or holes. Only certain molecules can fit through.
At what point during the hemodialysis treatment will diffusion cease to occur? -
ANSWER Diffusion will continue throughout the dialysis treatment until the
concentration of each electrolyte found in the patient's blood is equal to the
electrolyte concentration in the dialysate.
What is countercurrent flow? - ANSWER Blood and dialysate flow in opposite
directions
What happens to diffusion when dialyzer fibers clot? - ANSWER Clotted fibers
cause the permeability of the fiber to be reduced or eliminated, causing a decrease
in treatment adequacy. As a result , diffusion does not occur as particles cannot
diffuse across the membrane.
What are the compartments of the dialyzer and what separates them? -
ANSWER The blood compartment is separated from the dialysate compartment
by a semi-permeable membrane. The blood and dialysate do not mix together.
What are three types of solutions? - ANSWER • Hypotonic-containing less
particles • Isotonic-containing equal particles • Hypertonic-containing more
particles
When is it known that a patient has developed sensitivity to a dialyzer? -
ANSWER Patients develop mild to severe reactions in some cases, usually seen
the first half hour of treatment. Sneezing, itching, pain at the access site, chest pain,
, rashing, hives, fever, all may be symptoms of dialyzer membrane allergy, or allergy
to the sterilant used in the manufacturing process
What volume should be used for fresh fill/run off? - ANSWER 50 ml of saline
should be drained from the arterial line and 250 ml should be drained from the
venous line
When dialyzing a patient, what position should the dialyzer be in during
hemodialysis? - ANSWER Place the dialyzer arterial end up during the
treatment.
What should be checked on a dialyzer before machine set up? - ANSWER The
dialyzer should be checked for sterility (the dialyzer should either be intact in the
original packaging or if out of the package should have all open ports capped), any
structural damage and be the size and brand that was ordered by the doctor.
What are electrolytes? - ANSWER Electrolytes are charged particles that can
conduct an electrical current. Electrolytes in the body control motor, muscle and
nerve function, and maintain the body's homeostasis.
The most important electrolytes to consider in uremic patients are: -
ANSWER Sodium (Na+) Potassium (K+) Calcium (Ca++) Magnesium (Mg++)
Fluid removed during hemodialysis comes from which body fluid compartment? -
ANSWER During dialysis fluid is removed from the intravascular fluid
compartment or bloodstream.
QUESTIONS, LATEST UPDATE 2026/2027,
WITH CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS
ALREADY GRADED A+ PASS GUARANTEED
What are the 2 most common electrolytes we use in Dialysis? -
ANSWER Potassium and Calcium
What is Diffusion? - ANSWER high concentration to low concentration
What is another word for Diffusion? - ANSWER Conductive Solute
What does Diffusion do in Dialysis? - ANSWER Removes waste from the
blood.
What are the anatomical structures of the urinary system in order of urine flow? -
ANSWER (2) Kidneys, (2) ureters, (1) bladder, (1) urethra.
Which of the functions of healthy kidneys are replaced by dialysis? -
ANSWER Removal of waste products, and Regulation of fluid balance
, What is the function of renin? - ANSWER Renin is a hormone produced by the
kidneys with important effects on the regulation of blood pressure, and on sodium
and potassium balance
Erythropoietin - ANSWER stimulates the bone marrow to produce red blood
cells (RBSc).
Why must the kidney activate Vitamin D? - ANSWER The kidney converts
Vitamin D to Calcitriol, its activated form. This activated form of Vitamin D helps
to maintain good bone health by helping absorb calcium from foods eaten
What causes renal osteodystrophy (bone disease)? - ANSWER No longer
produces calcitriol - the active form of Vitamin D. Inadequate or lacking calcitriol
causes demineralization of the bone - bone begins to break down to release the
calcium needed for body functioning No longer excretes excess phosphorus (PO4).
Phosphorus is found in most foods and beverages o Increased PO4 levels cause
further calcium bone loss
What are the body fluid compartments? - ANSWER Intracellular-inside the
cells • Extracellular-outside the cells • Intravascular-inside the blood vessels •
Interstitial-between the cells
What is homeostasis? - ANSWER Maintaining a stable internal environment
uremia - ANSWER build up of waste
,What is a semi-permeable membrane? - ANSWER A membrane made from
protein, with small pores or holes. Only certain molecules can fit through.
At what point during the hemodialysis treatment will diffusion cease to occur? -
ANSWER Diffusion will continue throughout the dialysis treatment until the
concentration of each electrolyte found in the patient's blood is equal to the
electrolyte concentration in the dialysate.
What is countercurrent flow? - ANSWER Blood and dialysate flow in opposite
directions
What happens to diffusion when dialyzer fibers clot? - ANSWER Clotted fibers
cause the permeability of the fiber to be reduced or eliminated, causing a decrease
in treatment adequacy. As a result , diffusion does not occur as particles cannot
diffuse across the membrane.
What are the compartments of the dialyzer and what separates them? -
ANSWER The blood compartment is separated from the dialysate compartment
by a semi-permeable membrane. The blood and dialysate do not mix together.
What are three types of solutions? - ANSWER • Hypotonic-containing less
particles • Isotonic-containing equal particles • Hypertonic-containing more
particles
When is it known that a patient has developed sensitivity to a dialyzer? -
ANSWER Patients develop mild to severe reactions in some cases, usually seen
the first half hour of treatment. Sneezing, itching, pain at the access site, chest pain,
, rashing, hives, fever, all may be symptoms of dialyzer membrane allergy, or allergy
to the sterilant used in the manufacturing process
What volume should be used for fresh fill/run off? - ANSWER 50 ml of saline
should be drained from the arterial line and 250 ml should be drained from the
venous line
When dialyzing a patient, what position should the dialyzer be in during
hemodialysis? - ANSWER Place the dialyzer arterial end up during the
treatment.
What should be checked on a dialyzer before machine set up? - ANSWER The
dialyzer should be checked for sterility (the dialyzer should either be intact in the
original packaging or if out of the package should have all open ports capped), any
structural damage and be the size and brand that was ordered by the doctor.
What are electrolytes? - ANSWER Electrolytes are charged particles that can
conduct an electrical current. Electrolytes in the body control motor, muscle and
nerve function, and maintain the body's homeostasis.
The most important electrolytes to consider in uremic patients are: -
ANSWER Sodium (Na+) Potassium (K+) Calcium (Ca++) Magnesium (Mg++)
Fluid removed during hemodialysis comes from which body fluid compartment? -
ANSWER During dialysis fluid is removed from the intravascular fluid
compartment or bloodstream.
