Pharmacology Nursing Elite 2026–2027
Exam Study Guide: Latest Practice
Questions, Comprehensive Solutions,
Concept Mastery & Proven Revision
Strategies
Description
Prepare with confidence using the Elite 2026–2027 Exam
Study Guide, a comprehensive and carefully structured
resource designed to help students achieve strong
academic performance through focused practice, clear
understanding, and effective revision techniques.
This study guide goes beyond ordinary revision materials
by offering a complete learning experience. It combines
updated exam-style questions, step-by-step solutions,
and simplified concept explanations to ensure that
students not only find the correct answers but also
understand the reasoning behind them.
What are the major functions of the α1 receptor? - ANSWER✅Increase vascular
smooth muscle contraction, increase pupillary dilator muscle contraction (mydriasis),
increase intestinal and bladder sphincter muscle contraction
,What are the major functions of the α2 receptor? - ANSWER✅Decrease sympathetic
outflow, decrease insulin release, decrease lipolysis, increase platelet aggregation,
decrease aqueous humor production
What are the major functions of the β1 receptor? - ANSWER✅Increase heart rate,
increase contractility, increase renin release, increase lipolysis
What are the major functions of the β2 receptor? - ANSWER✅Vasodilation,
bronchodilation, increase lipolysis, increase insulin release, decrease uterine tone
(tocolysis), ciliary muscle relaxation, increase aqueous humor production
What are the major functions of the M1 receptor? - ANSWER✅CNS, enteric nervous
system
What are the major functions of the M2 receptor? - ANSWER✅Decrease heart rate
and contractility of atria
What are the major functions of the M3 receptor? - ANSWER✅Increase exocrine
gland secretions (e.g., lacrimal, salivary, gastric acid), increase gut peristalsis, increase
bladder contraction, increase bronchoconstriction, pupillary sphincter muscle
contraction (miosis), ciliary muscle contraction (accommodation)
What are the major functions of the D1 receptor? - ANSWER✅Relaxes renal vascular
smooth muscle
What are the major functions of the D2 receptor? - ANSWER✅Modulates transmitter
release, especially in the brain
What are the major functions of the H1 receptor? - ANSWER✅Increase nasal and
bronchial mucus production, increase vascular permeability, contraction of bronchioles,
pruritis, pain
What are the major functions of the H2 receptor? - ANSWER✅Increase gastric acid
secretion
What are the major functions of the V1 receptor? - ANSWER✅Increase vascular
smooth muscle contraction
What are the major functions of the V2 receptor? - ANSWER✅Increase H2O
permeability and reabsorption in collecting tubules of kidney (V2 is found in the "2"
kidneys)
What receptors are associate with Gq? - ANSWER✅H1, α1, V1, M1, and M3
,What receptors are associated with Gs? - ANSWER✅H2, B1, B2, V2, D1
What receptors are associated with Gi? - ANSWER✅M2, α2, D2
Bethanechol - ANSWER✅-Direct cholinergic agonist
-Activates bowel and bladder smooth muscle
-Used in postoperative and neurogenic ileus
-Resistant to AChE
Carbachol - ANSWER✅-Direct cholinergic agonist
-Carbon copy of acetylcholine
-Constricts pupils and relieves intraocular pressure in glaucoma
Methacholine - ANSWER✅-Direct cholinergic agonist
-Stimulates muscarinic receptors in airways when inhaled
-Used as a challenge test for diagnosis of asthma
Pilocarpine - ANSWER✅-Direct cholinergic agonist
-Contracts ciliary muscle of eye (open angle glaucoma), contracts pupillary sphincter
(closed angle glaucoma)
-Potent stimulator of sweat, tears and saliva
-AChE resistant
Donepezil - ANSWER✅-Anticholinesterse - increases ACh
-Alzheimer disease
Galantamine - ANSWER✅-Anticholinesterse - increases ACh
-Alzheimer disease
Rivastigmine - ANSWER✅-Anticholinesterse - increases ACh
-Alzheimer disease
Edrophonium - ANSWER✅-Anticholinesterse - increases ACh
-Historically used to diagnose myasthenia gravis (MG is now diagnosed by anti-AChR
Ab test.
Neostigmine - ANSWER✅-Anticholinesterse - increases ACh
-Used in postoperative and neurogenic ileus and urinary retention, myasthenia gravis,
and postoperative reversal of neuromuscular junction blockade
Physostigmine - ANSWER✅-Anticholinesterse - increases ACh
-Used in anticholinergic toxicity
-Crosses the blood-brain barrier (CNS)
, Pyridostigmine - ANSWER✅-Anticholinesterse - increases ACh
-Increases muscle strength
-Used in myasthenia gravis (long acting)
-Does not penetrate CNS
Atropine - ANSWER✅-Muscarinic antagonist
-Used in bradycardia and for ophthalmic applications
-Also used as antidote for cholinesterase inhibitor poisoning
-Actions include increase pupil dilation, cycloplegia, decreased airway secretions,
decreased acid secretions, decreased gut motility, decreased bladder urgency in cystitis
-Toxicity: increased body temp (due to decreased sweating), rapid pulse, dry mouth, dry
and flushed skin, cycloplegia, constipation, disorientation;
-Can cause acute angle-closure glaucoma in elderly (due to mydriasis), urinary
retention in men with prostatic hyperplasia, and hyperthermia in infants
-See also homatropine and tropicamide
Benztropine - ANSWER✅-Muscarinic antagonist
-Works in CNS
-Used in Parkinson disease and acute dystonia
Glycopyrrolate - ANSWER✅-Muscarinic antagonist
-Parental use: preoperative use to reduce airway secretions
-Oral use: drooling, peptic ulcer
Hyoscyamine - ANSWER✅-Muscarinic antagonist
-Antispasmodics for IBS
Dicyclomide - ANSWER✅-Muscarinic antagonist
-Antispasmodics for IBS
Ipratropium - ANSWER✅-Muscarinic antagonist
-Used in COPD and asthma
Tiotropium - ANSWER✅-Muscarinic antagonist
-Used in COPD and asthma
Oxybutynin - ANSWER✅-Muscarinic antagonist
-Reduced bladder spasms and urge urinary incontinence
Solifenacin - ANSWER✅-Muscarinic antagonist
-Reduced bladder spasms and urge urinary incontinence
Tolterodine - ANSWER✅-Muscarinic antagonist
-Reduced bladder spasms and urge urinary incontinence
Exam Study Guide: Latest Practice
Questions, Comprehensive Solutions,
Concept Mastery & Proven Revision
Strategies
Description
Prepare with confidence using the Elite 2026–2027 Exam
Study Guide, a comprehensive and carefully structured
resource designed to help students achieve strong
academic performance through focused practice, clear
understanding, and effective revision techniques.
This study guide goes beyond ordinary revision materials
by offering a complete learning experience. It combines
updated exam-style questions, step-by-step solutions,
and simplified concept explanations to ensure that
students not only find the correct answers but also
understand the reasoning behind them.
What are the major functions of the α1 receptor? - ANSWER✅Increase vascular
smooth muscle contraction, increase pupillary dilator muscle contraction (mydriasis),
increase intestinal and bladder sphincter muscle contraction
,What are the major functions of the α2 receptor? - ANSWER✅Decrease sympathetic
outflow, decrease insulin release, decrease lipolysis, increase platelet aggregation,
decrease aqueous humor production
What are the major functions of the β1 receptor? - ANSWER✅Increase heart rate,
increase contractility, increase renin release, increase lipolysis
What are the major functions of the β2 receptor? - ANSWER✅Vasodilation,
bronchodilation, increase lipolysis, increase insulin release, decrease uterine tone
(tocolysis), ciliary muscle relaxation, increase aqueous humor production
What are the major functions of the M1 receptor? - ANSWER✅CNS, enteric nervous
system
What are the major functions of the M2 receptor? - ANSWER✅Decrease heart rate
and contractility of atria
What are the major functions of the M3 receptor? - ANSWER✅Increase exocrine
gland secretions (e.g., lacrimal, salivary, gastric acid), increase gut peristalsis, increase
bladder contraction, increase bronchoconstriction, pupillary sphincter muscle
contraction (miosis), ciliary muscle contraction (accommodation)
What are the major functions of the D1 receptor? - ANSWER✅Relaxes renal vascular
smooth muscle
What are the major functions of the D2 receptor? - ANSWER✅Modulates transmitter
release, especially in the brain
What are the major functions of the H1 receptor? - ANSWER✅Increase nasal and
bronchial mucus production, increase vascular permeability, contraction of bronchioles,
pruritis, pain
What are the major functions of the H2 receptor? - ANSWER✅Increase gastric acid
secretion
What are the major functions of the V1 receptor? - ANSWER✅Increase vascular
smooth muscle contraction
What are the major functions of the V2 receptor? - ANSWER✅Increase H2O
permeability and reabsorption in collecting tubules of kidney (V2 is found in the "2"
kidneys)
What receptors are associate with Gq? - ANSWER✅H1, α1, V1, M1, and M3
,What receptors are associated with Gs? - ANSWER✅H2, B1, B2, V2, D1
What receptors are associated with Gi? - ANSWER✅M2, α2, D2
Bethanechol - ANSWER✅-Direct cholinergic agonist
-Activates bowel and bladder smooth muscle
-Used in postoperative and neurogenic ileus
-Resistant to AChE
Carbachol - ANSWER✅-Direct cholinergic agonist
-Carbon copy of acetylcholine
-Constricts pupils and relieves intraocular pressure in glaucoma
Methacholine - ANSWER✅-Direct cholinergic agonist
-Stimulates muscarinic receptors in airways when inhaled
-Used as a challenge test for diagnosis of asthma
Pilocarpine - ANSWER✅-Direct cholinergic agonist
-Contracts ciliary muscle of eye (open angle glaucoma), contracts pupillary sphincter
(closed angle glaucoma)
-Potent stimulator of sweat, tears and saliva
-AChE resistant
Donepezil - ANSWER✅-Anticholinesterse - increases ACh
-Alzheimer disease
Galantamine - ANSWER✅-Anticholinesterse - increases ACh
-Alzheimer disease
Rivastigmine - ANSWER✅-Anticholinesterse - increases ACh
-Alzheimer disease
Edrophonium - ANSWER✅-Anticholinesterse - increases ACh
-Historically used to diagnose myasthenia gravis (MG is now diagnosed by anti-AChR
Ab test.
Neostigmine - ANSWER✅-Anticholinesterse - increases ACh
-Used in postoperative and neurogenic ileus and urinary retention, myasthenia gravis,
and postoperative reversal of neuromuscular junction blockade
Physostigmine - ANSWER✅-Anticholinesterse - increases ACh
-Used in anticholinergic toxicity
-Crosses the blood-brain barrier (CNS)
, Pyridostigmine - ANSWER✅-Anticholinesterse - increases ACh
-Increases muscle strength
-Used in myasthenia gravis (long acting)
-Does not penetrate CNS
Atropine - ANSWER✅-Muscarinic antagonist
-Used in bradycardia and for ophthalmic applications
-Also used as antidote for cholinesterase inhibitor poisoning
-Actions include increase pupil dilation, cycloplegia, decreased airway secretions,
decreased acid secretions, decreased gut motility, decreased bladder urgency in cystitis
-Toxicity: increased body temp (due to decreased sweating), rapid pulse, dry mouth, dry
and flushed skin, cycloplegia, constipation, disorientation;
-Can cause acute angle-closure glaucoma in elderly (due to mydriasis), urinary
retention in men with prostatic hyperplasia, and hyperthermia in infants
-See also homatropine and tropicamide
Benztropine - ANSWER✅-Muscarinic antagonist
-Works in CNS
-Used in Parkinson disease and acute dystonia
Glycopyrrolate - ANSWER✅-Muscarinic antagonist
-Parental use: preoperative use to reduce airway secretions
-Oral use: drooling, peptic ulcer
Hyoscyamine - ANSWER✅-Muscarinic antagonist
-Antispasmodics for IBS
Dicyclomide - ANSWER✅-Muscarinic antagonist
-Antispasmodics for IBS
Ipratropium - ANSWER✅-Muscarinic antagonist
-Used in COPD and asthma
Tiotropium - ANSWER✅-Muscarinic antagonist
-Used in COPD and asthma
Oxybutynin - ANSWER✅-Muscarinic antagonist
-Reduced bladder spasms and urge urinary incontinence
Solifenacin - ANSWER✅-Muscarinic antagonist
-Reduced bladder spasms and urge urinary incontinence
Tolterodine - ANSWER✅-Muscarinic antagonist
-Reduced bladder spasms and urge urinary incontinence
