NURSING 101 MIDTERM STUDY GUIDE EXAM QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS
Florence Nightingale - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Founder of modern nursing; emphasized hygiene,
sanitation, and evidence-based care.
Clara Barton - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Founded the American Red Cross and provided battlefield nursing
care.
Isabel Hampton Robb - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅First president of the ANA; helped reform nursing
education.
Lavinia Dock - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Nursing activist and suffragist; co-authored early nursing
textbooks.
Mary Mahoney - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅First professionally trained African-American nurse in the U.S.
Lillian Wald - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Founder of public health nursing; established Henry Street
Settlement.
Mildred Montag - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Created associate degree nursing programs.
Mary Adelaide Nutting - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Expanded university-based nursing education; first
nursing professor.
Nightingale's Legacy of Caring Theory - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Environment and hygiene are vital to
healing.
Wiedenbach's Helping Art of Clinical Nursing - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Nursing helps patients meet needs
through skill and compassion.
, Henderson's Need Theory - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Nursing assists patients to gain independence by
meeting 14 basic needs.
Watson's Science of Caring - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Focuses on human connection, holistic healing, and
transpersonal caring.
Benner's Novice to Expert - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Describes five stages of nurse skill development
through experience.
Orem's Self-Care Deficit Theory - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Nurses help patients who cannot meet their
own self-care needs.
Rogers' Science of Unitary Human Beings - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Humans and environment are energy
fields in constant interaction.
Roy's Adaptation Model - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Nursing helps patients adapt to change and stressors.
Neuman's Systems Model - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Focuses on stress prevention and patient system
stability.
Peplau's Interpersonal Relations Theory - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Nurse-patient relationship is central to
nursing practice.
Kolcaba's Comfort Theory - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Promotes comfort in physical, psychospiritual, social,
and environmental areas.
Leininger's Transcultural Theory - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Nursing care must be culturally congruent and
individualized.
Affordable Care Act (ACA) - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Improved access to healthcare; emphasized
prevention and quality.
AND ANSWERS
Florence Nightingale - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Founder of modern nursing; emphasized hygiene,
sanitation, and evidence-based care.
Clara Barton - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Founded the American Red Cross and provided battlefield nursing
care.
Isabel Hampton Robb - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅First president of the ANA; helped reform nursing
education.
Lavinia Dock - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Nursing activist and suffragist; co-authored early nursing
textbooks.
Mary Mahoney - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅First professionally trained African-American nurse in the U.S.
Lillian Wald - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Founder of public health nursing; established Henry Street
Settlement.
Mildred Montag - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Created associate degree nursing programs.
Mary Adelaide Nutting - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Expanded university-based nursing education; first
nursing professor.
Nightingale's Legacy of Caring Theory - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Environment and hygiene are vital to
healing.
Wiedenbach's Helping Art of Clinical Nursing - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Nursing helps patients meet needs
through skill and compassion.
, Henderson's Need Theory - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Nursing assists patients to gain independence by
meeting 14 basic needs.
Watson's Science of Caring - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Focuses on human connection, holistic healing, and
transpersonal caring.
Benner's Novice to Expert - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Describes five stages of nurse skill development
through experience.
Orem's Self-Care Deficit Theory - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Nurses help patients who cannot meet their
own self-care needs.
Rogers' Science of Unitary Human Beings - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Humans and environment are energy
fields in constant interaction.
Roy's Adaptation Model - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Nursing helps patients adapt to change and stressors.
Neuman's Systems Model - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Focuses on stress prevention and patient system
stability.
Peplau's Interpersonal Relations Theory - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Nurse-patient relationship is central to
nursing practice.
Kolcaba's Comfort Theory - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Promotes comfort in physical, psychospiritual, social,
and environmental areas.
Leininger's Transcultural Theory - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Nursing care must be culturally congruent and
individualized.
Affordable Care Act (ACA) - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Improved access to healthcare; emphasized
prevention and quality.
