EXSC 223 Ray Thompson, EXSC 223
Final Exam Questions Answers 2026
Updated.
what are the four essential concepts in physiology? - Answer 1. principle of complementary-
Form determines function
2. Physiology uses gradients- physiology depends on gradients
3. regulate protein function by regulating its shape- adding something to a protein by regulating
its shape
4. negative feedback regulation is essential to homeostasis
what are the three components of the cell theory? - Answer 1. cell is the basic structural and
functional unit of living organisms
2.Principle of complementary: specific subcellular structures dictate
biochemical activities
3. Continuity of life has a cellular basis
what does organism activity depend on? - Answer 1. on individual and collective activities of
cells
2. structure/function relationship and the "generic cell"
what three parts do Eukaryotas share? - Answer 1. nucleus
2. cytoplasm
3. plasma membrane
what is the function of the nucleus? - Answer controls cellular activities and lies near the
cell's center
what is the function of the cytoplasm? - Answer the intracellular fluid that is packed with
organelles, small
structures that perform specific functions.
what is the function of the plasma membrane? - Answer a fragile barrier, is the outer
boundary of the cell
what is cytosol? - Answer jelly like fluid in plasma membrane
,What are the cytoskeletal proteins? - Answer microtubules, intermediate filament,
microfilament
What are centrioles? - Answer organizing the mitotic spindle in cell division
what does the nucleus do? - Answer contains nucleolus, RNA
what does the nucleolus do? - Answer make RNA
what is chromatin? - Answer DNA is loose form
what is the function of ribosomes? - Answer produce proteins, read mRNA
what is the function of smooth ER? - Answer 1. lipid metabolism
2. cholesterol synthesis
3. steroid hormone synthesis
4. drug-alcohol detoxification
5. breakdown of stored glycogen
6. in muscle Ca2+ storage and release
what is the rough ER? - Answer has ribosomes associated with it, produces protein
What is the golgi apparatus? - Answer assist in certain protein synthesis - mail center
What is the mitochondria? - Answer powerhouse, use oxygen to produce ATP
What is a lysosome? - Answer contain enzymes that break things down
What is a peroxisome? - Answer hydrogen peroxide, kills and destroys protein
what do cells do? - Answer 1. segregate (internal from external)
2. transports and digest (membrane trafficking)
3. identify alien invaders (distinguish self from non-self)
4. internal support (cytoskeleton)
5. hold hands (cell to cell adhesion)
, 6. communicate (between cells)
7. build/remodel/demolish (protein synthesis and degradation)
8. clone (cell replication through mitosis and cytokinesis)
why is the fluid mosaic model important? - Answer its is flexible and able to move
The mosaic means that it? - Answer proteins and sugars add to the pattern and appearance
what is the name for the fluid layer? - Answer phospholipid - bilayer
--One end likes to interact with water (polar head - hydrophilic -water loving ) and one doesn't
(hydrophobic - nonpolar tail -fears water)
--phosphate has a negative charge so it can interact with H2O
How do phospholipids structure allow for the cell membrane to interact with H2O and fats? -
Answer two fatty acid chains and a phosphorus-containing group are attached to the
glycerol backbone.
what are amiphipathic molecules? - Answer --they are both hydrophilic and hydrophobic
--Allows Membranes to be self-assembling* - when torn, it can reseal
itself /// Selectively permeable
what stabilizes the plasma membrane? - Answer cholesterol
--at warm temps: helps membrane become more stable and rigid
--at colder temps: helps membrane become flexible/ fluid like
--also amiphipathic
--no free electrons or protons so no charge
--NO H group but HO (hydroxide)
ex. of steroid: testosterone, estergene, potosprone, for puberty to regulate gametes for
reproduction
what are glyocolipids? - Answer --attached sugars group; phospholipids + sugar
○ a fatty molecule that has sugar added onto it
○ sugar is always on outside facing the extracellular fluid
what is an integral protein? - Answer --interact with hydrophobic and hydrophilic
○ Involved in transport function: channels, carriers(bind to substance)
Final Exam Questions Answers 2026
Updated.
what are the four essential concepts in physiology? - Answer 1. principle of complementary-
Form determines function
2. Physiology uses gradients- physiology depends on gradients
3. regulate protein function by regulating its shape- adding something to a protein by regulating
its shape
4. negative feedback regulation is essential to homeostasis
what are the three components of the cell theory? - Answer 1. cell is the basic structural and
functional unit of living organisms
2.Principle of complementary: specific subcellular structures dictate
biochemical activities
3. Continuity of life has a cellular basis
what does organism activity depend on? - Answer 1. on individual and collective activities of
cells
2. structure/function relationship and the "generic cell"
what three parts do Eukaryotas share? - Answer 1. nucleus
2. cytoplasm
3. plasma membrane
what is the function of the nucleus? - Answer controls cellular activities and lies near the
cell's center
what is the function of the cytoplasm? - Answer the intracellular fluid that is packed with
organelles, small
structures that perform specific functions.
what is the function of the plasma membrane? - Answer a fragile barrier, is the outer
boundary of the cell
what is cytosol? - Answer jelly like fluid in plasma membrane
,What are the cytoskeletal proteins? - Answer microtubules, intermediate filament,
microfilament
What are centrioles? - Answer organizing the mitotic spindle in cell division
what does the nucleus do? - Answer contains nucleolus, RNA
what does the nucleolus do? - Answer make RNA
what is chromatin? - Answer DNA is loose form
what is the function of ribosomes? - Answer produce proteins, read mRNA
what is the function of smooth ER? - Answer 1. lipid metabolism
2. cholesterol synthesis
3. steroid hormone synthesis
4. drug-alcohol detoxification
5. breakdown of stored glycogen
6. in muscle Ca2+ storage and release
what is the rough ER? - Answer has ribosomes associated with it, produces protein
What is the golgi apparatus? - Answer assist in certain protein synthesis - mail center
What is the mitochondria? - Answer powerhouse, use oxygen to produce ATP
What is a lysosome? - Answer contain enzymes that break things down
What is a peroxisome? - Answer hydrogen peroxide, kills and destroys protein
what do cells do? - Answer 1. segregate (internal from external)
2. transports and digest (membrane trafficking)
3. identify alien invaders (distinguish self from non-self)
4. internal support (cytoskeleton)
5. hold hands (cell to cell adhesion)
, 6. communicate (between cells)
7. build/remodel/demolish (protein synthesis and degradation)
8. clone (cell replication through mitosis and cytokinesis)
why is the fluid mosaic model important? - Answer its is flexible and able to move
The mosaic means that it? - Answer proteins and sugars add to the pattern and appearance
what is the name for the fluid layer? - Answer phospholipid - bilayer
--One end likes to interact with water (polar head - hydrophilic -water loving ) and one doesn't
(hydrophobic - nonpolar tail -fears water)
--phosphate has a negative charge so it can interact with H2O
How do phospholipids structure allow for the cell membrane to interact with H2O and fats? -
Answer two fatty acid chains and a phosphorus-containing group are attached to the
glycerol backbone.
what are amiphipathic molecules? - Answer --they are both hydrophilic and hydrophobic
--Allows Membranes to be self-assembling* - when torn, it can reseal
itself /// Selectively permeable
what stabilizes the plasma membrane? - Answer cholesterol
--at warm temps: helps membrane become more stable and rigid
--at colder temps: helps membrane become flexible/ fluid like
--also amiphipathic
--no free electrons or protons so no charge
--NO H group but HO (hydroxide)
ex. of steroid: testosterone, estergene, potosprone, for puberty to regulate gametes for
reproduction
what are glyocolipids? - Answer --attached sugars group; phospholipids + sugar
○ a fatty molecule that has sugar added onto it
○ sugar is always on outside facing the extracellular fluid
what is an integral protein? - Answer --interact with hydrophobic and hydrophilic
○ Involved in transport function: channels, carriers(bind to substance)
