Mangrove Fisheries and
Management
, Contents
Effects of Salinity and Temperature on Mangrove
Growth and Distribution ........................................... 25
Contents
Definition of Halophytes .......................................... 25
Mangrove Ecosystem (Slide-1) .................................4 Anatomical Characteristics of Halophytes ............... 25
Mangrove ....................................................................4
Euryhaline vs Stenohaline ........................................ 26
Mangrove ecosystem/ forest........................................4
Osmoregulation ........................................................ 26
Characteristics of Mangroves ......................................4
Osmoconformer Process ........................................... 26
Mangrove distribution & occurrence ..........................4
Osmoregulation vs osmoconformers ........................ 27
Goods and Services of the Mangrove Ecosystems of
Bangladesh ..................................................................5 Eutrophication in an Estuarine Mangrove Area ....... 27
Carbon Sequestration and Blue Carbon in Mangrove Role of Eutrophication in the Mangrove Area ......... 28
Areas (short note) ..............................................................7 Natural vs cultural eutrophication ............................ 29
Importance of Mangroves ...........................................8 Detrital Ecology........................................................ 29
Major threats/ Causes of degradation of Mangrove Mangrove Litter ........................................................ 30
forest............................................................................9
Mangrove flora & fauna ........................................... 30
Suggestions for Protecting Mangroves .....................10
Mangrove areas are rich in fisheries resources/
(short note)
Oil Spills and Mangrove Forests ..................10 Mangrove resources influence the fisheries ............. 31
(short note)
Aquaculture and Mangroves ........................12 Factors Affecting Fisheries Diversity in Mangrove
Seaweeds of Mangrove Areas (short note)
......................13 Areas ......................................................................... 31
How Mangrove Resources Influence Local Socio- Impact of Siltation on Estuarine Mangrove Ecosystem
Economic Conditions ................................................14 .................................................................................. 32
How Mangroves Help in Coastal Land Formation ...14 Succession Pattern of Mangrove Vegetation ............ 33
Mangroves as a Buffer Zone (short note) ........................15 Discuss about the dominant species in the saline zone.
.................................................................................. 33
Mangrove Fisheries (short note) ......................................15
Pollution and Mangroves .......................................... 34
Mangrove Ecology (Slide-2) ...................................17
Ecology .....................................................................17 Mangrove Hydrodynamics (Slide-3) ..................... 35
What is Hydrodynamics?.......................................... 35
Ecosystem .................................................................17
What is a Fluid? ........................................................ 35
Mangrove ecology .....................................................17
Non-Compressible (Incompressible) Liquids ........... 35
Criteria Required for “True Mangroves” ..................18
Hydrodynamics of a Mangrove Area ....................... 35
Ecological characteristics of estuarine mangrove
ecosystem ..................................................................18 Hydrodynamic Setting of Mangrove Wetlands ........ 36
Characteristics of Tide-Dominated Mangroves ........20 Nutrient Dynamics in Sundarbans Mangroves ......... 37
Viviparous Seedlings in Estuarine Mangrove Area ..20 Formation and ecological functions of the mangrove
ecosystem ................................................................. 38
Root and Rhizome .....................................................21
Why Mangrove Areas Are Rich in Nutrients ........... 39
How mangrove plants adapt with salinity increase? .22
Ecological Zonation of Sundarbans Mangroves (SRF)
...................................................................................23 Mangrove Soil (Slide-4) .......................................... 40
2
Soil and Sediment ..................................................... 40
Page
Salinity Variation in Mangrove Ecosystems .............24
What is acid sulfate soil? .......................................... 40
, Contents
Formation of acid sulphate /pyrite soil in mangrove Importance of Protected Areas (PAs) and Ecologically
areas/ oxidation reaction of pirate formation ............40 Critical Areas (ECAs) in Bangladesh ....................... 53
Threats of Acid Sulphate Soil ...................................41 Threats to Protected Areas (PAs) and Ecologically
Define soil buffering .................................................41 Critical Areas (ECAs) of Bangladesh ....................... 53
How to Recognize Acid Sulphate Soil ......................41 Recommendations .................................................... 54
Location of Pyrite in Mangrove Soil .........................42 What is conservation of mangroves? ........................ 54
Soil pH ......................................................................42 Objectives of Mangrove Conservation ..................... 54
Types of Acidity in Soils...........................................43 Importance of the Convention on Biological Diversity
(CBD) to Conserve the Sundarbans Mangrove Forest
.................................................................................. 55
Mangrove Forest Resources (Slide-5) ....................44 Importance of the Sundarbans as a 'Ramsar Site' and
Mangrove Ecosystem ................................................44 'World Heritage Site'................................................. 55
Mangrove Forest Resources ......................................44 Management Cycle for the Sundarbans Mangrove
Types of Mangroves ..................................................44 Forest ........................................................................ 56
Differentiate between black mangroves and red
mangroves .................................................................45 Mangrove Co-management (Slide-8) .................... 57
Co-Management ....................................................... 57
Mangrove Fisheries (Slide-6) .................................46 Co-management of Mangrove Forest ....................... 57
What is Fish? .............................................................46 Why Co-Management of Mangroves? ..................... 57
What is Fisheries? .....................................................46 Why Focus on Small-Scale Coastal Fisheries
What are Mangrove Fisheries?..................................46 Management ............................................................. 58
Key Features of Mangrove Fisheries ........................46 Why Focus on Mangrove Fisheries Management .... 58
Barnacle ....................................................................47 Co-Management Spectrum for Mangrove Forest ..... 58
Morphological Features of Barnacle .........................47 Seven Steps of Participation in Co-Management ..... 59
Distribution and Ecology ..........................................48 CBFM vs Co-Management ....................................... 59
Food and Feeding ......................................................48 Categories of Co-Management ................................. 60
Reproduction and Development ................................48 Advantages of Co-Management ............................... 60
Barnacle Life Cycle...................................................49 Limitations of Co-Management................................ 60
Six stage of nauplius .................................................50 Conditions for Successful Fisheries Co-Management
.................................................................................. 60
Protected Area (Slide-7) .........................................51 Objectives of Mangrove Co-Management................ 61
Protected Area ...........................................................51 Management Strategies for Sundarbans Mangrove
Protected Areas of Bangladesh .................................51 Forest ........................................................................ 61
National Parks ...........................................................51 Management Framework for Sundarbans Reserve
Forest ........................................................................ 62
Wildlife Sanctuaries ..................................................52
Balancing Benefits Among Stakeholders in Co-
Game Reserve ...........................................................52 Management ............................................................. 62
Ecologically Critical Areas (ECAs) ..........................52 Balancing Roles of Government and Resource Users
ECNs .........................................................................52 .................................................................................. 63
3
Page
, Mangrove Ecosystem (Slide-1)
Mangrove Ecosystem (Slide-1)
Mangrove
The word “mangrove” comes from the Portuguese word “mangue” (meaning tree) and the English word
“grove” (meaning a stand of trees). It refers both to the dominant trees and the entire plant community.
The term “mangrove” can describe a single plant or an entire plant community.
Mangroves, also called mangal, are a group of halophytic (salt-tolerant) trees and shrubs that grow in
the intertidal regions of tropical and subtropical coastlines.”
In subtropical and tropical regions, mangroves often replace salt marshes as the dominant coastal
ecosystem.
Mangrove ecosystem/ forest
“A mangrove ecosystem is a complex network of salt-tolerant trees and shrubs along tropical and
subtropical coastlines, forming a unique intertidal community adapted to saline and waterlogged
conditions.”
Characteristics of Mangroves
Plant Type:
Trees, shrubs, palms, or ground ferns, usually over 1.5 meters tall.
Habitat:
Grow above mean sea level in the intertidal zone of marine coasts and estuarine margins.
Mangrove Swamps:
Found in tropical and subtropical tidal areas, periodically inundated by seawater.
Salt Tolerance:
Mangroves are halophytes (“salt-loving”), meaning they can survive in salty conditions where
most plants cannot.
Special roots:
Have aerial roots (like pneumatophores or prop roots) for breathing in waterlogged soil.
Viviparous reproduction:
Seeds germinate while still attached to the parent plant.
Adaptation to Waterlogged and Anaerobic Soils:
Mangroves grow in muddy, oxygen-poor (anaerobic) soils of tidal areas.
Mangrove distribution & occurrence
Distribution of Mangroves
The total mangrove area in 2000 was about 240,000 km², found in 118 countries and territories.
They depend on tidal and terrestrial waters for nutrients and on silt deposits from upland erosion for
support.
Mangroves provide vital ecosystem services, such as carbon sequestration, coastal protection, and habitat
for wildlife.
4
Page
Management
, Contents
Effects of Salinity and Temperature on Mangrove
Growth and Distribution ........................................... 25
Contents
Definition of Halophytes .......................................... 25
Mangrove Ecosystem (Slide-1) .................................4 Anatomical Characteristics of Halophytes ............... 25
Mangrove ....................................................................4
Euryhaline vs Stenohaline ........................................ 26
Mangrove ecosystem/ forest........................................4
Osmoregulation ........................................................ 26
Characteristics of Mangroves ......................................4
Osmoconformer Process ........................................... 26
Mangrove distribution & occurrence ..........................4
Osmoregulation vs osmoconformers ........................ 27
Goods and Services of the Mangrove Ecosystems of
Bangladesh ..................................................................5 Eutrophication in an Estuarine Mangrove Area ....... 27
Carbon Sequestration and Blue Carbon in Mangrove Role of Eutrophication in the Mangrove Area ......... 28
Areas (short note) ..............................................................7 Natural vs cultural eutrophication ............................ 29
Importance of Mangroves ...........................................8 Detrital Ecology........................................................ 29
Major threats/ Causes of degradation of Mangrove Mangrove Litter ........................................................ 30
forest............................................................................9
Mangrove flora & fauna ........................................... 30
Suggestions for Protecting Mangroves .....................10
Mangrove areas are rich in fisheries resources/
(short note)
Oil Spills and Mangrove Forests ..................10 Mangrove resources influence the fisheries ............. 31
(short note)
Aquaculture and Mangroves ........................12 Factors Affecting Fisheries Diversity in Mangrove
Seaweeds of Mangrove Areas (short note)
......................13 Areas ......................................................................... 31
How Mangrove Resources Influence Local Socio- Impact of Siltation on Estuarine Mangrove Ecosystem
Economic Conditions ................................................14 .................................................................................. 32
How Mangroves Help in Coastal Land Formation ...14 Succession Pattern of Mangrove Vegetation ............ 33
Mangroves as a Buffer Zone (short note) ........................15 Discuss about the dominant species in the saline zone.
.................................................................................. 33
Mangrove Fisheries (short note) ......................................15
Pollution and Mangroves .......................................... 34
Mangrove Ecology (Slide-2) ...................................17
Ecology .....................................................................17 Mangrove Hydrodynamics (Slide-3) ..................... 35
What is Hydrodynamics?.......................................... 35
Ecosystem .................................................................17
What is a Fluid? ........................................................ 35
Mangrove ecology .....................................................17
Non-Compressible (Incompressible) Liquids ........... 35
Criteria Required for “True Mangroves” ..................18
Hydrodynamics of a Mangrove Area ....................... 35
Ecological characteristics of estuarine mangrove
ecosystem ..................................................................18 Hydrodynamic Setting of Mangrove Wetlands ........ 36
Characteristics of Tide-Dominated Mangroves ........20 Nutrient Dynamics in Sundarbans Mangroves ......... 37
Viviparous Seedlings in Estuarine Mangrove Area ..20 Formation and ecological functions of the mangrove
ecosystem ................................................................. 38
Root and Rhizome .....................................................21
Why Mangrove Areas Are Rich in Nutrients ........... 39
How mangrove plants adapt with salinity increase? .22
Ecological Zonation of Sundarbans Mangroves (SRF)
...................................................................................23 Mangrove Soil (Slide-4) .......................................... 40
2
Soil and Sediment ..................................................... 40
Page
Salinity Variation in Mangrove Ecosystems .............24
What is acid sulfate soil? .......................................... 40
, Contents
Formation of acid sulphate /pyrite soil in mangrove Importance of Protected Areas (PAs) and Ecologically
areas/ oxidation reaction of pirate formation ............40 Critical Areas (ECAs) in Bangladesh ....................... 53
Threats of Acid Sulphate Soil ...................................41 Threats to Protected Areas (PAs) and Ecologically
Define soil buffering .................................................41 Critical Areas (ECAs) of Bangladesh ....................... 53
How to Recognize Acid Sulphate Soil ......................41 Recommendations .................................................... 54
Location of Pyrite in Mangrove Soil .........................42 What is conservation of mangroves? ........................ 54
Soil pH ......................................................................42 Objectives of Mangrove Conservation ..................... 54
Types of Acidity in Soils...........................................43 Importance of the Convention on Biological Diversity
(CBD) to Conserve the Sundarbans Mangrove Forest
.................................................................................. 55
Mangrove Forest Resources (Slide-5) ....................44 Importance of the Sundarbans as a 'Ramsar Site' and
Mangrove Ecosystem ................................................44 'World Heritage Site'................................................. 55
Mangrove Forest Resources ......................................44 Management Cycle for the Sundarbans Mangrove
Types of Mangroves ..................................................44 Forest ........................................................................ 56
Differentiate between black mangroves and red
mangroves .................................................................45 Mangrove Co-management (Slide-8) .................... 57
Co-Management ....................................................... 57
Mangrove Fisheries (Slide-6) .................................46 Co-management of Mangrove Forest ....................... 57
What is Fish? .............................................................46 Why Co-Management of Mangroves? ..................... 57
What is Fisheries? .....................................................46 Why Focus on Small-Scale Coastal Fisheries
What are Mangrove Fisheries?..................................46 Management ............................................................. 58
Key Features of Mangrove Fisheries ........................46 Why Focus on Mangrove Fisheries Management .... 58
Barnacle ....................................................................47 Co-Management Spectrum for Mangrove Forest ..... 58
Morphological Features of Barnacle .........................47 Seven Steps of Participation in Co-Management ..... 59
Distribution and Ecology ..........................................48 CBFM vs Co-Management ....................................... 59
Food and Feeding ......................................................48 Categories of Co-Management ................................. 60
Reproduction and Development ................................48 Advantages of Co-Management ............................... 60
Barnacle Life Cycle...................................................49 Limitations of Co-Management................................ 60
Six stage of nauplius .................................................50 Conditions for Successful Fisheries Co-Management
.................................................................................. 60
Protected Area (Slide-7) .........................................51 Objectives of Mangrove Co-Management................ 61
Protected Area ...........................................................51 Management Strategies for Sundarbans Mangrove
Protected Areas of Bangladesh .................................51 Forest ........................................................................ 61
National Parks ...........................................................51 Management Framework for Sundarbans Reserve
Forest ........................................................................ 62
Wildlife Sanctuaries ..................................................52
Balancing Benefits Among Stakeholders in Co-
Game Reserve ...........................................................52 Management ............................................................. 62
Ecologically Critical Areas (ECAs) ..........................52 Balancing Roles of Government and Resource Users
ECNs .........................................................................52 .................................................................................. 63
3
Page
, Mangrove Ecosystem (Slide-1)
Mangrove Ecosystem (Slide-1)
Mangrove
The word “mangrove” comes from the Portuguese word “mangue” (meaning tree) and the English word
“grove” (meaning a stand of trees). It refers both to the dominant trees and the entire plant community.
The term “mangrove” can describe a single plant or an entire plant community.
Mangroves, also called mangal, are a group of halophytic (salt-tolerant) trees and shrubs that grow in
the intertidal regions of tropical and subtropical coastlines.”
In subtropical and tropical regions, mangroves often replace salt marshes as the dominant coastal
ecosystem.
Mangrove ecosystem/ forest
“A mangrove ecosystem is a complex network of salt-tolerant trees and shrubs along tropical and
subtropical coastlines, forming a unique intertidal community adapted to saline and waterlogged
conditions.”
Characteristics of Mangroves
Plant Type:
Trees, shrubs, palms, or ground ferns, usually over 1.5 meters tall.
Habitat:
Grow above mean sea level in the intertidal zone of marine coasts and estuarine margins.
Mangrove Swamps:
Found in tropical and subtropical tidal areas, periodically inundated by seawater.
Salt Tolerance:
Mangroves are halophytes (“salt-loving”), meaning they can survive in salty conditions where
most plants cannot.
Special roots:
Have aerial roots (like pneumatophores or prop roots) for breathing in waterlogged soil.
Viviparous reproduction:
Seeds germinate while still attached to the parent plant.
Adaptation to Waterlogged and Anaerobic Soils:
Mangroves grow in muddy, oxygen-poor (anaerobic) soils of tidal areas.
Mangrove distribution & occurrence
Distribution of Mangroves
The total mangrove area in 2000 was about 240,000 km², found in 118 countries and territories.
They depend on tidal and terrestrial waters for nutrients and on silt deposits from upland erosion for
support.
Mangroves provide vital ecosystem services, such as carbon sequestration, coastal protection, and habitat
for wildlife.
4
Page
