BIOD 210 GENETICS FINAL EXAM NEWEST
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
DETAILED ANSWERS NEW MODIFIED
LATEST UPDATE
What are the names and function of the three basic elements of a gene? - ✔✔✔
Correct Answer > promoter- where initiation begins; the sigma factor binds to a
strand of DNA and clips and untwists to make a transcription bubble)
RNA-coding sequence- the sequence that actually gets transcribed; 3'-5' strand
terminator- marks the end of a gene
What ingredients are necessary for RNA transcription in prokaryotes? - ✔✔✔
Correct Answer > RNA Polymerase (A holoenzyme the binds and unwinds
DNA via its sigma factor), initiation factors,
Where does transcription occur? - ✔✔✔ Correct Answer > the endoplasmic
reticulum via ribosomes
What direction is RNA polymerized? - ✔✔✔ Correct Answer > RNA is
polymerized in a 5' to 3' direction
Page 1 of 31
,What are chromatids? - ✔✔✔ Correct Answer > one of two identical
"sister" parts of a duplicated chromosome
What does the result of a complementation cross tell you about the genetic basis
of some mutant phenotype in two individuals? -
✔✔✔ Correct Answer > If complementation occurs, this suggests that the
mutations were on different genes; If during a complementation cross the F1
progeny is all wild-type, complementation is occurring
How does meiosis differ between males and females? - ✔✔✔ Correct Answer >
Meiosis in males makes four sperm, while meiosis in females makes one egg
and three polar bodies. This is so the extra chromosomes have a place to go.
Polar bodies eventually disenegrate.
What phenotypic ratio is associated with gene interactions? - ✔✔✔
Correct Answer > If the genes are linked, we anticipate a 9:3:3:1 phenotypic
ratio
What are the 4 phases of the cell cycle? - ✔✔✔ Correct Answer > G1, S, G2,
Mitosis
What is the purpose of Mitosis? - ✔✔✔ Correct Answer > cell regeneration,
growth, and asexual reproduction
Page 2 of 31
,What is the purpose of Meiosis? - ✔✔✔ Correct Answer > produce gametes for
sexual reproduction
What are histones? - ✔✔✔ Correct Answer > Proteins that pack DNA into
condensed formed; Because eukaryotic DNA is so long, histones help provide
structural support by compacting the DNA
How does acetylation/deacetylation help package and unpackage
DNA along nucleosomes? - ✔✔✔ Correct Answer > When acetyl groups are
added to cytosine, this makes the chromatin more compact (heterochromatin)
When deacetylase removes these acetyl groups, this makes the chromatin less
compact (euchromatin)
Why are heterochromatin inaccessible for transcription? - ✔✔✔
Correct Answer > heterochromatin are densely packed so they are too compact
for DNA Polymerase 3 to access the DNA. Thus, the template strand can not be
accessed for transcription
What is the Central Dogma? - ✔✔✔ Correct Answer > DNA (replication)
-> RNA (transcription) -> Protein (translation)
Page 3 of 31
, Describe the differences between the template strand and the non-coding strand
in transcription for prokaryotes (including the
5' and 3' orientation of both) - ✔✔✔ Correct Answer > The non-coding
template strand is in a 5'-3' direction and is ignored during transcription
The template strand is in the 3'-5' direction and is used to synthesize the
transcript
What are the two types of terminators used in prokaryotic transcription? - ✔✔✔
Correct Answer > Rho-dependent : Rho helicase gets added to the transcript and
clips the RNA
Rho-independent : no helicase added; C-G regions loop such that the RNA
polymerase can no longer fit on the strand, causing it to dissociate
What are the differences between prokaryotic replication and transcription? -
✔✔✔ Correct Answer > Replication yields DNA strand while Transcription
yields an RNA molecule
transcription uses RNA polymerase in the initation stage, whereas replication
uses DNA polymerase
Transcription only needs Rho helicase (if that) to terminate, whereas
Replication used DNA Polymerase 1 and DNA Ligase to terminate
Page 4 of 31
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
DETAILED ANSWERS NEW MODIFIED
LATEST UPDATE
What are the names and function of the three basic elements of a gene? - ✔✔✔
Correct Answer > promoter- where initiation begins; the sigma factor binds to a
strand of DNA and clips and untwists to make a transcription bubble)
RNA-coding sequence- the sequence that actually gets transcribed; 3'-5' strand
terminator- marks the end of a gene
What ingredients are necessary for RNA transcription in prokaryotes? - ✔✔✔
Correct Answer > RNA Polymerase (A holoenzyme the binds and unwinds
DNA via its sigma factor), initiation factors,
Where does transcription occur? - ✔✔✔ Correct Answer > the endoplasmic
reticulum via ribosomes
What direction is RNA polymerized? - ✔✔✔ Correct Answer > RNA is
polymerized in a 5' to 3' direction
Page 1 of 31
,What are chromatids? - ✔✔✔ Correct Answer > one of two identical
"sister" parts of a duplicated chromosome
What does the result of a complementation cross tell you about the genetic basis
of some mutant phenotype in two individuals? -
✔✔✔ Correct Answer > If complementation occurs, this suggests that the
mutations were on different genes; If during a complementation cross the F1
progeny is all wild-type, complementation is occurring
How does meiosis differ between males and females? - ✔✔✔ Correct Answer >
Meiosis in males makes four sperm, while meiosis in females makes one egg
and three polar bodies. This is so the extra chromosomes have a place to go.
Polar bodies eventually disenegrate.
What phenotypic ratio is associated with gene interactions? - ✔✔✔
Correct Answer > If the genes are linked, we anticipate a 9:3:3:1 phenotypic
ratio
What are the 4 phases of the cell cycle? - ✔✔✔ Correct Answer > G1, S, G2,
Mitosis
What is the purpose of Mitosis? - ✔✔✔ Correct Answer > cell regeneration,
growth, and asexual reproduction
Page 2 of 31
,What is the purpose of Meiosis? - ✔✔✔ Correct Answer > produce gametes for
sexual reproduction
What are histones? - ✔✔✔ Correct Answer > Proteins that pack DNA into
condensed formed; Because eukaryotic DNA is so long, histones help provide
structural support by compacting the DNA
How does acetylation/deacetylation help package and unpackage
DNA along nucleosomes? - ✔✔✔ Correct Answer > When acetyl groups are
added to cytosine, this makes the chromatin more compact (heterochromatin)
When deacetylase removes these acetyl groups, this makes the chromatin less
compact (euchromatin)
Why are heterochromatin inaccessible for transcription? - ✔✔✔
Correct Answer > heterochromatin are densely packed so they are too compact
for DNA Polymerase 3 to access the DNA. Thus, the template strand can not be
accessed for transcription
What is the Central Dogma? - ✔✔✔ Correct Answer > DNA (replication)
-> RNA (transcription) -> Protein (translation)
Page 3 of 31
, Describe the differences between the template strand and the non-coding strand
in transcription for prokaryotes (including the
5' and 3' orientation of both) - ✔✔✔ Correct Answer > The non-coding
template strand is in a 5'-3' direction and is ignored during transcription
The template strand is in the 3'-5' direction and is used to synthesize the
transcript
What are the two types of terminators used in prokaryotic transcription? - ✔✔✔
Correct Answer > Rho-dependent : Rho helicase gets added to the transcript and
clips the RNA
Rho-independent : no helicase added; C-G regions loop such that the RNA
polymerase can no longer fit on the strand, causing it to dissociate
What are the differences between prokaryotic replication and transcription? -
✔✔✔ Correct Answer > Replication yields DNA strand while Transcription
yields an RNA molecule
transcription uses RNA polymerase in the initation stage, whereas replication
uses DNA polymerase
Transcription only needs Rho helicase (if that) to terminate, whereas
Replication used DNA Polymerase 1 and DNA Ligase to terminate
Page 4 of 31
