Portage Learning Pathophysiology Comprehensive
Exam | 100% Verified 2026
MODULE 1 TO 10
Portage Pathophysiology Exam…………. …………………………………………(i)
Portage Pathophysiology Exam…………. …………………………………………(ii)
Portage Pathophysiology Exam…………………………………………………….(iii)
Portage Pathophysiology Exam. ……………………………………………………(iv)
Portage Pathophysiology Exam……………………………………………….……(v)
Portage Pathophysiology Exam……………………………………………………(vi)
Portage Pathophysiology Exam……………………………………………………(vii)
Portage Pathophysiology Exam……………………………………………………(viii)
Portage Pathophysiology Exam ……………………………………………………(ix)
Portage Pathophysiology Exam ……………………………………………….……(x)
1|Page SUCCESS!!!
,MULTIPLE CHOICES
1. A patient with chronic hypertension develops left ventricular hypertrophy. Which term best
describes this cellular adaptation?
A) Hyperplasia
B) Metaplasia
C) Hypertrophy
D) Dysplasia
Answer: C
Hypertrophy is an increase in individual cell size due to increased workload, such as the left
ventricle pumping against chronic high afterload in hypertension, without an increase in cell
number.
2. A chronic smoker develops areas of ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium in the
bronchi that have transformed into stratified squamous epithelium. This process is called:
A) Anaplasia
B) Hyperplasia
C) Metaplasia
D) Neoplasia
Answer: C
Metaplasia is the reversible replacement of one differentiated cell type with another, often in
response to chronic irritation; smoking converts normal respiratory epithelium into squamous
epithelium as an adaptive but less functional change.
3. A patient with heart failure develops pitting edema in the lower extremities. Which pressure
change is primarily responsible for this fluid shift?
A) Decreased plasma oncotic pressure
B) Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure
C) Increased interstitial oncotic pressure
D) Decreased interstitial hydrostatic pressure
Answer: B
2|Page SUCCESS!!!
,Heart failure increases venous pressure, raising capillary hydrostatic pressure in dependent
tissues, which forces more fluid out of capillaries than can be reabsorbed, leading to edema.
4. A patient sustains an ischemic stroke. Within hours, brain tissue appears pale and firm with
loss of normal architecture. This type of necrosis is best described as:
A) Liquefactive necrosis
B) Coagulative necrosis
C) Caseous necrosis
D) Fat necrosis
Answer: B
Coagulative necrosis is the hallmark of ischemic injury in solid organs such as the heart, kidney,
and brain (except for brain which eventually undergoes liquefactive necrosis due to lipid content;
careful of trick early brain infarction is coagulative, later liquefactive). The question specifies
“within hours” and pale/firm tissue.
5. A patient with tuberculosis has a lung lesion with a soft, cheese-like appearance. The
histologic finding most characteristic of this lesion is:
A) Liquefactive necrosis
B) Coagulative necrosis
C) Caseous necrosis
D) Gangrenous necrosis
Answer: C
Caseous necrosis is a form of cell death associated with tuberculosis and certain fungal
infections, characterized by a friable, yellow-white, “cheese-like” appearance due to lipid-rich
mycobacterial cell walls and chronic inflammation.
6. During the vascular phase of acute inflammation, which event occurs first after tissue injury?
A) Neutrophil extravasation
B) Vasodilation and increased vascular permeability
C) Macrophage activation
D) Fibroblast proliferation
3|Page SUCCESS!!!
, Answer: B
The immediate response to tissue injury is transient vasoconstriction followed by vasodilation
and increased capillary permeability, allowing plasma proteins and leukocytes to reach the
injured site; neutrophil migration follows later.
7. A patient has an infected surgical wound that drains purulent, thick, yellow-green exudate.
Which cell type predominates in this exudate?
A) Lymphocytes
B) Eosinophils
C) Neutrophils
D) Macrophages
Answer: C
Purulent exudate (pus) consists of degenerating neutrophils, bacteria, and liquefied tissue debris;
neutrophils are the first leukocytes to arrive at an acute bacterial infection and are responsible for
phagocytosis and the formation of pus.
8. A deep surgical incision is left open and closes gradually by the formation of granulation
tissue and wound contraction. This type of wound healing is called:
A) Primary intention
B) Secondary intention
C) Tertiary intention (delayed primary closure)
D) Scarless healing
Answer: B
Secondary intention occurs when a wound is not closed surgically, allowing healing from the
bottom up with granulation tissue, contraction, and epithelialization; it results in a larger scar
than primary intention.
9. A patient with severe dehydration has a serum sodium of 155 mEq/L. The nurse should
anticipate which neurologic finding?
A) Lethargy progressing to coma from brain cell shrinkage
B) Seizures from brain cell swelling
4|Page SUCCESS!!!
Exam | 100% Verified 2026
MODULE 1 TO 10
Portage Pathophysiology Exam…………. …………………………………………(i)
Portage Pathophysiology Exam…………. …………………………………………(ii)
Portage Pathophysiology Exam…………………………………………………….(iii)
Portage Pathophysiology Exam. ……………………………………………………(iv)
Portage Pathophysiology Exam……………………………………………….……(v)
Portage Pathophysiology Exam……………………………………………………(vi)
Portage Pathophysiology Exam……………………………………………………(vii)
Portage Pathophysiology Exam……………………………………………………(viii)
Portage Pathophysiology Exam ……………………………………………………(ix)
Portage Pathophysiology Exam ……………………………………………….……(x)
1|Page SUCCESS!!!
,MULTIPLE CHOICES
1. A patient with chronic hypertension develops left ventricular hypertrophy. Which term best
describes this cellular adaptation?
A) Hyperplasia
B) Metaplasia
C) Hypertrophy
D) Dysplasia
Answer: C
Hypertrophy is an increase in individual cell size due to increased workload, such as the left
ventricle pumping against chronic high afterload in hypertension, without an increase in cell
number.
2. A chronic smoker develops areas of ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium in the
bronchi that have transformed into stratified squamous epithelium. This process is called:
A) Anaplasia
B) Hyperplasia
C) Metaplasia
D) Neoplasia
Answer: C
Metaplasia is the reversible replacement of one differentiated cell type with another, often in
response to chronic irritation; smoking converts normal respiratory epithelium into squamous
epithelium as an adaptive but less functional change.
3. A patient with heart failure develops pitting edema in the lower extremities. Which pressure
change is primarily responsible for this fluid shift?
A) Decreased plasma oncotic pressure
B) Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure
C) Increased interstitial oncotic pressure
D) Decreased interstitial hydrostatic pressure
Answer: B
2|Page SUCCESS!!!
,Heart failure increases venous pressure, raising capillary hydrostatic pressure in dependent
tissues, which forces more fluid out of capillaries than can be reabsorbed, leading to edema.
4. A patient sustains an ischemic stroke. Within hours, brain tissue appears pale and firm with
loss of normal architecture. This type of necrosis is best described as:
A) Liquefactive necrosis
B) Coagulative necrosis
C) Caseous necrosis
D) Fat necrosis
Answer: B
Coagulative necrosis is the hallmark of ischemic injury in solid organs such as the heart, kidney,
and brain (except for brain which eventually undergoes liquefactive necrosis due to lipid content;
careful of trick early brain infarction is coagulative, later liquefactive). The question specifies
“within hours” and pale/firm tissue.
5. A patient with tuberculosis has a lung lesion with a soft, cheese-like appearance. The
histologic finding most characteristic of this lesion is:
A) Liquefactive necrosis
B) Coagulative necrosis
C) Caseous necrosis
D) Gangrenous necrosis
Answer: C
Caseous necrosis is a form of cell death associated with tuberculosis and certain fungal
infections, characterized by a friable, yellow-white, “cheese-like” appearance due to lipid-rich
mycobacterial cell walls and chronic inflammation.
6. During the vascular phase of acute inflammation, which event occurs first after tissue injury?
A) Neutrophil extravasation
B) Vasodilation and increased vascular permeability
C) Macrophage activation
D) Fibroblast proliferation
3|Page SUCCESS!!!
, Answer: B
The immediate response to tissue injury is transient vasoconstriction followed by vasodilation
and increased capillary permeability, allowing plasma proteins and leukocytes to reach the
injured site; neutrophil migration follows later.
7. A patient has an infected surgical wound that drains purulent, thick, yellow-green exudate.
Which cell type predominates in this exudate?
A) Lymphocytes
B) Eosinophils
C) Neutrophils
D) Macrophages
Answer: C
Purulent exudate (pus) consists of degenerating neutrophils, bacteria, and liquefied tissue debris;
neutrophils are the first leukocytes to arrive at an acute bacterial infection and are responsible for
phagocytosis and the formation of pus.
8. A deep surgical incision is left open and closes gradually by the formation of granulation
tissue and wound contraction. This type of wound healing is called:
A) Primary intention
B) Secondary intention
C) Tertiary intention (delayed primary closure)
D) Scarless healing
Answer: B
Secondary intention occurs when a wound is not closed surgically, allowing healing from the
bottom up with granulation tissue, contraction, and epithelialization; it results in a larger scar
than primary intention.
9. A patient with severe dehydration has a serum sodium of 155 mEq/L. The nurse should
anticipate which neurologic finding?
A) Lethargy progressing to coma from brain cell shrinkage
B) Seizures from brain cell swelling
4|Page SUCCESS!!!
