Module 1 - ANSWER💫✔️--...
What is Biochemistry? - ANSWER💫✔️--- Aims to explain biological processes at the molecular and
cellular levels
- Used in pharmaceuticals, clinical diagnosis, and biotechnology
History of Biochemistry - ANSWER💫✔️--**Discovery of Fermentation
1. Egyptians: Discovered crushed dates produce an intoxicating substance (ethanol)
2. Greeks: Used "zyme" (yeast) to produce gas (CO2) in bread and turned grapes into wine
Eduard Buchner - ANSWER💫✔️--- Showed that fermentation did not require living cells
- Ultimately, he discovered enzymes
- Demonstrated the chemical basis of life
5 Principles of Modern Biochemistry - ANSWER💫✔️--1. The chemical basis of life underlies the
hierarchical organization of biochemical processes within cells, organisms, and ecosystems
2. Nucleic acids in DNA provide the chemical basis for heredity
3. Function is determined by molecular structure
4. Biological processes follow thermodynamic principles
5. Life depends on water
,Hierarchical Structure of Nature - ANSWER💫✔️--1. Elements
2. Biomolecules
3. Macromolecules
4. Metabolism
5. Cells
6. Organisms
7. Ecosystems
6 Essential Elements of Life - ANSWER💫✔️--- H, O, C, N, P, and S comprise of 97% of organismal mass
- Zn, Fe, and Mg play key roles in biochemical reactions and cell signaling
Covalent Bonds - ANSWER💫✔️--Bonds created by sharing two unpaired electrons between two atoms
Covalent Bonds in Carbon - ANSWER💫✔️--- C can form up to 4 stable covalent bonds
6 Common Functional Groups - ANSWER💫✔️--- Hydroxyl (OH)
- Carboxyl (O=C-O-)
- Amino (NH3+)
- Sulfhydryl (SH)
- Phosphoryl (O=P-O2-)
- Methyl (CH3)
4 Classes of Small Biomolecules - ANSWER💫✔️--1. Amino acids
2. Nucleotides
3. Simple sugars
4. Fatty Acids
, Amino Acids - ANSWER💫✔️--- Building blocks of proteins
- 20 amino acids
- Each has a unique R group
Nucleotides - ANSWER💫✔️--- Basic units of DNA molecule; Form nucleic acids
Simple Sugars - ANSWER💫✔️--- Form carbohydrates (Monosaccharides and Disaccharides)
Fatty Acids - ANSWER💫✔️--- Building blocks of lipids
- Contain a carboxyl group (polar) attached to a hydrocarbon chain (nonpolar)
The Central Dogma - ANSWER💫✔️--- DNA -> RNA -> Protein
- Explains how genes control cellular functions
Wilkins, Franklin, and Gosling - ANSWER💫✔️--Used x-ray crystallography and revealed the dimensions
and shape of DNA, a double helix
Watson and Crick - ANSWER💫✔️--- Used data from Wilkins, Franklin, and Gosling
- Proposed the double helix model of DNA using model building
- Proposed G-C and A-T base pairs provide the chemistry of life
Nucleotides Compostion - ANSWER💫✔️--- Nucleotide Base: Purine or Pyridine (Adenine, Guanine,
Cytosine, Thymine, or Uracil)
- A 5-C sugar (ribose or deoxyribose)
- Phosphoryl group
Base Pairing - ANSWER💫✔️--- Involves hydrogen bonds
- G-C contain 3 hydrogen bonds
- A-T contain 2 hydrogen bonds
What is Biochemistry? - ANSWER💫✔️--- Aims to explain biological processes at the molecular and
cellular levels
- Used in pharmaceuticals, clinical diagnosis, and biotechnology
History of Biochemistry - ANSWER💫✔️--**Discovery of Fermentation
1. Egyptians: Discovered crushed dates produce an intoxicating substance (ethanol)
2. Greeks: Used "zyme" (yeast) to produce gas (CO2) in bread and turned grapes into wine
Eduard Buchner - ANSWER💫✔️--- Showed that fermentation did not require living cells
- Ultimately, he discovered enzymes
- Demonstrated the chemical basis of life
5 Principles of Modern Biochemistry - ANSWER💫✔️--1. The chemical basis of life underlies the
hierarchical organization of biochemical processes within cells, organisms, and ecosystems
2. Nucleic acids in DNA provide the chemical basis for heredity
3. Function is determined by molecular structure
4. Biological processes follow thermodynamic principles
5. Life depends on water
,Hierarchical Structure of Nature - ANSWER💫✔️--1. Elements
2. Biomolecules
3. Macromolecules
4. Metabolism
5. Cells
6. Organisms
7. Ecosystems
6 Essential Elements of Life - ANSWER💫✔️--- H, O, C, N, P, and S comprise of 97% of organismal mass
- Zn, Fe, and Mg play key roles in biochemical reactions and cell signaling
Covalent Bonds - ANSWER💫✔️--Bonds created by sharing two unpaired electrons between two atoms
Covalent Bonds in Carbon - ANSWER💫✔️--- C can form up to 4 stable covalent bonds
6 Common Functional Groups - ANSWER💫✔️--- Hydroxyl (OH)
- Carboxyl (O=C-O-)
- Amino (NH3+)
- Sulfhydryl (SH)
- Phosphoryl (O=P-O2-)
- Methyl (CH3)
4 Classes of Small Biomolecules - ANSWER💫✔️--1. Amino acids
2. Nucleotides
3. Simple sugars
4. Fatty Acids
, Amino Acids - ANSWER💫✔️--- Building blocks of proteins
- 20 amino acids
- Each has a unique R group
Nucleotides - ANSWER💫✔️--- Basic units of DNA molecule; Form nucleic acids
Simple Sugars - ANSWER💫✔️--- Form carbohydrates (Monosaccharides and Disaccharides)
Fatty Acids - ANSWER💫✔️--- Building blocks of lipids
- Contain a carboxyl group (polar) attached to a hydrocarbon chain (nonpolar)
The Central Dogma - ANSWER💫✔️--- DNA -> RNA -> Protein
- Explains how genes control cellular functions
Wilkins, Franklin, and Gosling - ANSWER💫✔️--Used x-ray crystallography and revealed the dimensions
and shape of DNA, a double helix
Watson and Crick - ANSWER💫✔️--- Used data from Wilkins, Franklin, and Gosling
- Proposed the double helix model of DNA using model building
- Proposed G-C and A-T base pairs provide the chemistry of life
Nucleotides Compostion - ANSWER💫✔️--- Nucleotide Base: Purine or Pyridine (Adenine, Guanine,
Cytosine, Thymine, or Uracil)
- A 5-C sugar (ribose or deoxyribose)
- Phosphoryl group
Base Pairing - ANSWER💫✔️--- Involves hydrogen bonds
- G-C contain 3 hydrogen bonds
- A-T contain 2 hydrogen bonds
