SOLUTION MANUAL FOR k k
Introduction to Criminal Justice 10e Robert M. Bohm, Keith N. Haley
k k k k k k k k k k
Chapter 1-14 k
Chapter 1 k
Crime and Justice in the United States
k k k k k k
Overview
ThekchapterkbeginskbykdiscussingkcrimekinkthekUnitedkStates.kItkbrieflykdescribeskseveralkfamo
uskcriminalkcaseskinkrecentkhistory.kCriminalkjusticekiskexaminedkaskaksystem.kThatksystemkincl
udeskthekpolice,kthekcourts,kandkcorrections.kThekpolicekdealkwithkcrime,kcrimekcontrol,karrests,
kandkbookings.kThekprosecutionkdealskwithkchargingkthekdefendants.kThekprosecutionkalsokdete
rmineskifktheksuspectkhaskcommittedkakmisdemeanor,kankordinancekviolation,korkakfelony.kItkma
ykfilekankinformationkorkankindictment.kAnkarrestkwarrantkmaykbekissuedkbykthekcourtksokthatkth
ekpolicekmaykarrestkaksuspect.
Therekarekakvarietykofkstageskinkakcourtkthatkdefendantskmaykexperience.kTheykmaykhavekankinit
ialkappearance,kankarraignment,kandkakbailkset;kakpreliminarykhearingkmaykoccur.
Defendantskmaykhavekakbenchktrialkorkakjuryktrial.kTheykmaykparticipatekinkpleakbargainingkorksi
mplykpleadkguiltykandkreceivektheirksentence.
Convictedkdefendantskthenkbecomekpartkofkthekcorrectionalksystem,kwherektheykmaykreceivekp
robation,kintermediatekpunishments,korkincarceration.kAfterkservingkakportionkofktheirksentenc
e,ktheykmaykbekparoled.kNext,kthekchapterkdiscusseskhowkthekcriminalkjusticeksystemkisksometi
meskviewedkaskaknonsystemkbecausekofkthekdifferenceskamongkdifferentkjurisdictionskofkindep
endentkagencieskwithinkthekUnitedkStateskandkthekconflictkandkconfusionkamongkthem.
Thekchapterkthenkpresentskthektwokmodelskofkthekcriminalkjusticeksystem.kThekfirst,kthekcrimekc
ontrolkmodel,kreflectsktraditionalkconservativekpoliticalkvalues.kInkthiskmodel,kthekcontrolkofkcri
minalkbehaviorkiskthekmostkimportantkfunctionkofkcriminalkjustice.kTheksecond,kthekduekproces
skmodel,kembodiesktraditionalkliberalkpoliticalkvalues.kInkthiskmodel,kthekprincipalkgoalkofkcrimi
nalkjusticekiskatkleastkaskmuchktokprotectkthekinnocentkaskitkisktokconvictkthekguilty.
Bohm,kIntroductionktokCriminalkJustice,k10e
Copyrightk©2021kMcGraw-HillkEducation.kAllkrightskreserved.kNokreproductionkorkdistributionkwithoutkthekpriorkwrittenkconsentkofkMcGraw-
HillkEducation.
,Thekchapterkendskwithkakdiscussionkofkmythskaboutkcrimekandkcriminalkjustice.kThekchapterkals
okuseskthekhistorykofktrialkbykordealkaskankexample.kThroughoutkthekbook,kcriminalkjusticekmyth
skarekexposedkandkexplained.
Lecture Outline
k
I. CrimekinkthekUnitedkStates
Everykdaykpeoplekarekconfrontedkwithkreportskofkcrimekinknewspapers,kmagazines,kandkradioka
ndktelevisionknewskprograms.kCrimekiskakfavoriteksubjectkofkmovieskandknovels.
Unfortunately,ksomekpeoplekencounterkcrimekmorekdirectlykaskvictims.kNokwonderkcrimekiskakt
opkconcernkofkthekAmericankpublic.
II. CriminalkJustice:kAnkInstitutionkofkSocialkControl
Likekthekfamily,kschools,korganizedkreligion,kthekmedia,kandktheklaw,kcriminalkjusticekiskankin
stitutionkofksocialkcontrolkinkthekUnitedkStates.kAkprimarykrolekofksuchkinstitutionskisktokpers
uadekpeople,kthroughksubtlekandknot-so-
subtlekmeans,ktokabidekbykthekdominantkvalueskofksociety.kSubtlekmeanskofkpersuasionkinclude
kgossipkandkpeerkpressure, kwhereaskexpulsionkandkincarcerationkarekexampleskofknot-so-
subtlekmeans.
III. CriminalkJustice:kThekSystem
CriminalkjusticekinkthekUnitedkStateskiskadministeredkbykakloosekconfederationkofkmorekthank50
,000kagencieskofkfederal,kstate,kandklocalkgovernments.kTherekarekdifferenceskinkthekwayskthekc
riminalkjusticeksystemkoperateskinkdifferentkjurisdictions,ktherekarekalsoksimilarities.kThektermkj
urisdiction,kaskusedkhere,kmeanskakpoliticallykdefinedkgeographicalkarea.
Misdemeanorskareklesskseriouskcrimeskgenerallykpunishablekbykakfinekorkbykincarcerationkinkj
ailkforknotkmorekthankonekyear.kFelonieskarekseriouskoffenseskpunishablekbykconfinementkinkpr
isonkforkmorekthankonekyearkorkbykdeath.
A. Police
Thekcriminalkjusticekresponsektokcrimekbeginskwhenkakcrimekiskreportedktokthekpolicekor,kfar
klesskoften,kwhenkthekpolicekthemselveskdiscoverkthatkakcrimekhaskbeenkcommitted.
Often,kankarrestksupportedkbykwitnesskstatementskandkcrimekscenekevidencekisksufficientkto
kclosekakcase,kespeciallykwithkaklesskseriouskcrime.
Bohm,kIntroductionktokCriminalkJustice,k10e
Copyrightk©2021kMcGraw-HillkEducation.kAllkrightskreserved.kNokreproductionkorkdistributionkwithoutkthekpriorkwrittenkconsentkofkMcGraw-
HillkEducation.
, Ankarrestkiskthekseizingkandkdetainingkofkakpersonkbyklawfulkauthority.kBookingkiskthekadministrati
vekrecordingkofkthekarrest.
B. Courts
Soonkafterkaksuspectkhaskbeenkarrestedkandkbooked,kakprosecutorkreviewskthekfactskofkthekcas
ekandkthekavailablekevidence.kThekprosecutorkdecideskwhetherktokchargektheksuspectkwithkak
crimekorkcrimes.
PretrialkStages
Afterkthekchargekorkchargeskhavekbeenkfiled,ktheksuspect,kwhokisknowkthekdefendant,kiskb
roughtkbeforekaklower-
courtkjudgekforkankinitialkappearance.kAtkthekinitialkappearance,kthekdefendantkiskgivenk
formalknoticekofkthekchargekorkchargeskagainstkhimkorkherkandkadvisedkofkhiskorkherkconst
itutionalkrights.kInkthekcasekofkakmisdemeanorkorkankordinancekviolation,kaksummaryktri
alk(ankimmediatektrialkwithoutkakjury)kmaykbekheld.
Probablekcausekiskakstandardkofkproofkthatkrequiresktrustworthykevidenceksufficientktok
makekakreasonablekpersonkbelievekthat,kmoreklikelykthanknot,kthekproposedkactionkiskjusti
fied.kBail,kusuallykakmonetarykguaranteekdepositedkwithkthekcourt,kiskmeantktokensurekth
atkthekdefendantkwillkappearkatkaklaterkstagekinkthekcriminalkjusticekprocess.kInkaboutkhalfk
ofkallkstates,kakpreliminarykhearingkfollowskthekinitialkappearance.kAkgrandkjurykiskakg
roupkofkcitizenskwhokmeetkinkclosedksessionskforkakspecifiedkperiodktokinvestigatekcharge
skcomingkfromkpreliminarykhearingskandktokfulfillkotherkresponsibilities.
Inkstateskthatkdoknotkusekgrandkjuries,kprosecutorskchargekdefendantskwithkakdocumentkc
alledkankinformation.kAnkinformationkoutlineskthekformalkchargekorkcharges,ktheklawkor
klawskthatkhavekbeenkviolated,kandkthekevidencektoksupportkthekchargekorkcharges.
Oncekankindictmentkorkinformationkiskfiledkwithkthektrialkcourt,kthekdefendantkiskschedule
dkforkarraignment—
thekprimarykpurposekofkarraignmentkisktokhearkthekformalkinformationkorkindictmentkandkt
okallowkthekdefendantktokenterkakplea.kAboutk95%kofkcriminalkdefendantskpleadkguiltyktok
thekchargeskagainstkthemkinkankarrangementkcalledkpleakbargaining—
thekpracticekwherebykthekprosecutor,kthekdefensekattorney,kthekdefendant,kand,kinkmanykj
urisdictions,kthekjudgekagreekonkakspecificksentencektokbekimposedkifkthekaccusedkpleadsk
guiltyktokankagreed-onkchargekorkchargeskinsteadkofkgoingktoktrial.
Bohm,kIntroductionktokCriminalkJustice,k10e
Copyrightk©2021kMcGraw-HillkEducation.kAllkrightskreserved.kNokreproductionkorkdistributionkwithoutkthekpriorkwrittenkconsentkofkMcGraw-
HillkEducation.
, LecturekTip:kThekstudentskmaykwantktokdiscusskthesekitemskinkmorekdetailkthankti
mekallows.kAssurekthemkthatkeachkofkthesekitemskwillkbekdiscussedkinkdetailklaterki
nkthekbook.
Trial
Ifkakdefendantkpleadsknotkguiltykorknotkguiltykbykreasonkofkinsanity,kaktrialkdatekiskset.kAp
proximatelyk2%kofkcriminalkcaseskinvolvekjuryktrials.kThekremainingkcaseskthatkareknotkre
solvedkthroughkpleakbargainingkarekdecidedkbykakjudgekinkakbenchktrial—
aktrialkbeforekakjudgekwithoutkakjury.kIfkthekjudgekorkthekjurykfindskthekdefendantkguiltykas
kcharged,kthekjudgekbeginsktokconsiderkaksentence.
C. Corrections
Presentencekinvestigationkreportskarekusedkinkthekfederalksystemkandkinkthekmajoritykofkstat
esktokhelpkjudgeskdeterminekappropriateksentences.kFivekgeneralktypeskofkpunishmentkarekin
kusekinkthekUnitedkStates:kfines,kprobation,kintermediatekpunishments,k imprisonment,kandkd
eath.kProbationkiskaksentencekinkwhichkthekoffenderkiskretainedkinkthekcommunitykunderkthek
supervisionkofkakprobationkagencykratherkthankbeingkincarcerated.kItkiskthekmostkfrequentlyki
mposedksentencekinkthekU.S.
Defendantskwhokarekfoundkguiltykmaykappealkonkeitherklegalkorkconstitutionalkgorunds.kAp
pellatekcourtskmaykaffirmktheklowerkcourt’skverdictkandkletkitkstand,kmodifykthekverdictkwith
outktotallykreversingkit,kreversekthekverdict,korkreversekthekdecisionkandkremandkitktoktheklow
erkcourtkforkretrialkorkresentencing.
Parolekiskthekconditionalkreleasekofkprisonerskbeforektheykhavekservedktheirkfullksentences.k
Thekdecisionktokgrantkparolekiskusuallykmadekbykakparolekboard.kNotkallkjurisdictiosnkink thek
U.S.kgrantkparole
IV. CriminalkJustice:kThekNonsystem
Therekarekseveralkreasonskwhykcallingkcriminalkjusticekak―system‖kmaykbekinappropriatekandkm
isleading.kFirst,ktherekisknoksinglek―criminalkjusticeksystem‖kinkthekUnitedkStates.kSecond,kifkak
systemkiskthoughtkofkaskaksmoothlykoperatingksetkofkarrangementskandkinstitutionskdirectedkto
wardkthekachievementkofkcommonkgoals,konekiskhard-
pressedktokcallkthekoperationkofkcriminalkjusticekinkthekUnitedkStateskaksystem.kInstead,kbecause
ktherekiskconsiderablekconflictkandkconfusionkamongkdifferentkagencieskofkcriminalkjustice,kakm
orekaccurate
Bohm,kIntroductionktokCriminalkJustice,k10e
Copyrightk©2021kMcGraw-HillkEducation.kAllkrightskreserved.kNokreproductionkorkdistributionkwithoutkthekpriorkwrittenkconsentkofkMcGraw-
HillkEducation.
Introduction to Criminal Justice 10e Robert M. Bohm, Keith N. Haley
k k k k k k k k k k
Chapter 1-14 k
Chapter 1 k
Crime and Justice in the United States
k k k k k k
Overview
ThekchapterkbeginskbykdiscussingkcrimekinkthekUnitedkStates.kItkbrieflykdescribeskseveralkfamo
uskcriminalkcaseskinkrecentkhistory.kCriminalkjusticekiskexaminedkaskaksystem.kThatksystemkincl
udeskthekpolice,kthekcourts,kandkcorrections.kThekpolicekdealkwithkcrime,kcrimekcontrol,karrests,
kandkbookings.kThekprosecutionkdealskwithkchargingkthekdefendants.kThekprosecutionkalsokdete
rmineskifktheksuspectkhaskcommittedkakmisdemeanor,kankordinancekviolation,korkakfelony.kItkma
ykfilekankinformationkorkankindictment.kAnkarrestkwarrantkmaykbekissuedkbykthekcourtksokthatkth
ekpolicekmaykarrestkaksuspect.
Therekarekakvarietykofkstageskinkakcourtkthatkdefendantskmaykexperience.kTheykmaykhavekankinit
ialkappearance,kankarraignment,kandkakbailkset;kakpreliminarykhearingkmaykoccur.
Defendantskmaykhavekakbenchktrialkorkakjuryktrial.kTheykmaykparticipatekinkpleakbargainingkorksi
mplykpleadkguiltykandkreceivektheirksentence.
Convictedkdefendantskthenkbecomekpartkofkthekcorrectionalksystem,kwherektheykmaykreceivekp
robation,kintermediatekpunishments,korkincarceration.kAfterkservingkakportionkofktheirksentenc
e,ktheykmaykbekparoled.kNext,kthekchapterkdiscusseskhowkthekcriminalkjusticeksystemkisksometi
meskviewedkaskaknonsystemkbecausekofkthekdifferenceskamongkdifferentkjurisdictionskofkindep
endentkagencieskwithinkthekUnitedkStateskandkthekconflictkandkconfusionkamongkthem.
Thekchapterkthenkpresentskthektwokmodelskofkthekcriminalkjusticeksystem.kThekfirst,kthekcrimekc
ontrolkmodel,kreflectsktraditionalkconservativekpoliticalkvalues.kInkthiskmodel,kthekcontrolkofkcri
minalkbehaviorkiskthekmostkimportantkfunctionkofkcriminalkjustice.kTheksecond,kthekduekproces
skmodel,kembodiesktraditionalkliberalkpoliticalkvalues.kInkthiskmodel,kthekprincipalkgoalkofkcrimi
nalkjusticekiskatkleastkaskmuchktokprotectkthekinnocentkaskitkisktokconvictkthekguilty.
Bohm,kIntroductionktokCriminalkJustice,k10e
Copyrightk©2021kMcGraw-HillkEducation.kAllkrightskreserved.kNokreproductionkorkdistributionkwithoutkthekpriorkwrittenkconsentkofkMcGraw-
HillkEducation.
,Thekchapterkendskwithkakdiscussionkofkmythskaboutkcrimekandkcriminalkjustice.kThekchapterkals
okuseskthekhistorykofktrialkbykordealkaskankexample.kThroughoutkthekbook,kcriminalkjusticekmyth
skarekexposedkandkexplained.
Lecture Outline
k
I. CrimekinkthekUnitedkStates
Everykdaykpeoplekarekconfrontedkwithkreportskofkcrimekinknewspapers,kmagazines,kandkradioka
ndktelevisionknewskprograms.kCrimekiskakfavoriteksubjectkofkmovieskandknovels.
Unfortunately,ksomekpeoplekencounterkcrimekmorekdirectlykaskvictims.kNokwonderkcrimekiskakt
opkconcernkofkthekAmericankpublic.
II. CriminalkJustice:kAnkInstitutionkofkSocialkControl
Likekthekfamily,kschools,korganizedkreligion,kthekmedia,kandktheklaw,kcriminalkjusticekiskankin
stitutionkofksocialkcontrolkinkthekUnitedkStates.kAkprimarykrolekofksuchkinstitutionskisktokpers
uadekpeople,kthroughksubtlekandknot-so-
subtlekmeans,ktokabidekbykthekdominantkvalueskofksociety.kSubtlekmeanskofkpersuasionkinclude
kgossipkandkpeerkpressure, kwhereaskexpulsionkandkincarcerationkarekexampleskofknot-so-
subtlekmeans.
III. CriminalkJustice:kThekSystem
CriminalkjusticekinkthekUnitedkStateskiskadministeredkbykakloosekconfederationkofkmorekthank50
,000kagencieskofkfederal,kstate,kandklocalkgovernments.kTherekarekdifferenceskinkthekwayskthekc
riminalkjusticeksystemkoperateskinkdifferentkjurisdictions,ktherekarekalsoksimilarities.kThektermkj
urisdiction,kaskusedkhere,kmeanskakpoliticallykdefinedkgeographicalkarea.
Misdemeanorskareklesskseriouskcrimeskgenerallykpunishablekbykakfinekorkbykincarcerationkinkj
ailkforknotkmorekthankonekyear.kFelonieskarekseriouskoffenseskpunishablekbykconfinementkinkpr
isonkforkmorekthankonekyearkorkbykdeath.
A. Police
Thekcriminalkjusticekresponsektokcrimekbeginskwhenkakcrimekiskreportedktokthekpolicekor,kfar
klesskoften,kwhenkthekpolicekthemselveskdiscoverkthatkakcrimekhaskbeenkcommitted.
Often,kankarrestksupportedkbykwitnesskstatementskandkcrimekscenekevidencekisksufficientkto
kclosekakcase,kespeciallykwithkaklesskseriouskcrime.
Bohm,kIntroductionktokCriminalkJustice,k10e
Copyrightk©2021kMcGraw-HillkEducation.kAllkrightskreserved.kNokreproductionkorkdistributionkwithoutkthekpriorkwrittenkconsentkofkMcGraw-
HillkEducation.
, Ankarrestkiskthekseizingkandkdetainingkofkakpersonkbyklawfulkauthority.kBookingkiskthekadministrati
vekrecordingkofkthekarrest.
B. Courts
Soonkafterkaksuspectkhaskbeenkarrestedkandkbooked,kakprosecutorkreviewskthekfactskofkthekcas
ekandkthekavailablekevidence.kThekprosecutorkdecideskwhetherktokchargektheksuspectkwithkak
crimekorkcrimes.
PretrialkStages
Afterkthekchargekorkchargeskhavekbeenkfiled,ktheksuspect,kwhokisknowkthekdefendant,kiskb
roughtkbeforekaklower-
courtkjudgekforkankinitialkappearance.kAtkthekinitialkappearance,kthekdefendantkiskgivenk
formalknoticekofkthekchargekorkchargeskagainstkhimkorkherkandkadvisedkofkhiskorkherkconst
itutionalkrights.kInkthekcasekofkakmisdemeanorkorkankordinancekviolation,kaksummaryktri
alk(ankimmediatektrialkwithoutkakjury)kmaykbekheld.
Probablekcausekiskakstandardkofkproofkthatkrequiresktrustworthykevidenceksufficientktok
makekakreasonablekpersonkbelievekthat,kmoreklikelykthanknot,kthekproposedkactionkiskjusti
fied.kBail,kusuallykakmonetarykguaranteekdepositedkwithkthekcourt,kiskmeantktokensurekth
atkthekdefendantkwillkappearkatkaklaterkstagekinkthekcriminalkjusticekprocess.kInkaboutkhalfk
ofkallkstates,kakpreliminarykhearingkfollowskthekinitialkappearance.kAkgrandkjurykiskakg
roupkofkcitizenskwhokmeetkinkclosedksessionskforkakspecifiedkperiodktokinvestigatekcharge
skcomingkfromkpreliminarykhearingskandktokfulfillkotherkresponsibilities.
Inkstateskthatkdoknotkusekgrandkjuries,kprosecutorskchargekdefendantskwithkakdocumentkc
alledkankinformation.kAnkinformationkoutlineskthekformalkchargekorkcharges,ktheklawkor
klawskthatkhavekbeenkviolated,kandkthekevidencektoksupportkthekchargekorkcharges.
Oncekankindictmentkorkinformationkiskfiledkwithkthektrialkcourt,kthekdefendantkiskschedule
dkforkarraignment—
thekprimarykpurposekofkarraignmentkisktokhearkthekformalkinformationkorkindictmentkandkt
okallowkthekdefendantktokenterkakplea.kAboutk95%kofkcriminalkdefendantskpleadkguiltyktok
thekchargeskagainstkthemkinkankarrangementkcalledkpleakbargaining—
thekpracticekwherebykthekprosecutor,kthekdefensekattorney,kthekdefendant,kand,kinkmanykj
urisdictions,kthekjudgekagreekonkakspecificksentencektokbekimposedkifkthekaccusedkpleadsk
guiltyktokankagreed-onkchargekorkchargeskinsteadkofkgoingktoktrial.
Bohm,kIntroductionktokCriminalkJustice,k10e
Copyrightk©2021kMcGraw-HillkEducation.kAllkrightskreserved.kNokreproductionkorkdistributionkwithoutkthekpriorkwrittenkconsentkofkMcGraw-
HillkEducation.
, LecturekTip:kThekstudentskmaykwantktokdiscusskthesekitemskinkmorekdetailkthankti
mekallows.kAssurekthemkthatkeachkofkthesekitemskwillkbekdiscussedkinkdetailklaterki
nkthekbook.
Trial
Ifkakdefendantkpleadsknotkguiltykorknotkguiltykbykreasonkofkinsanity,kaktrialkdatekiskset.kAp
proximatelyk2%kofkcriminalkcaseskinvolvekjuryktrials.kThekremainingkcaseskthatkareknotkre
solvedkthroughkpleakbargainingkarekdecidedkbykakjudgekinkakbenchktrial—
aktrialkbeforekakjudgekwithoutkakjury.kIfkthekjudgekorkthekjurykfindskthekdefendantkguiltykas
kcharged,kthekjudgekbeginsktokconsiderkaksentence.
C. Corrections
Presentencekinvestigationkreportskarekusedkinkthekfederalksystemkandkinkthekmajoritykofkstat
esktokhelpkjudgeskdeterminekappropriateksentences.kFivekgeneralktypeskofkpunishmentkarekin
kusekinkthekUnitedkStates:kfines,kprobation,kintermediatekpunishments,k imprisonment,kandkd
eath.kProbationkiskaksentencekinkwhichkthekoffenderkiskretainedkinkthekcommunitykunderkthek
supervisionkofkakprobationkagencykratherkthankbeingkincarcerated.kItkiskthekmostkfrequentlyki
mposedksentencekinkthekU.S.
Defendantskwhokarekfoundkguiltykmaykappealkonkeitherklegalkorkconstitutionalkgorunds.kAp
pellatekcourtskmaykaffirmktheklowerkcourt’skverdictkandkletkitkstand,kmodifykthekverdictkwith
outktotallykreversingkit,kreversekthekverdict,korkreversekthekdecisionkandkremandkitktoktheklow
erkcourtkforkretrialkorkresentencing.
Parolekiskthekconditionalkreleasekofkprisonerskbeforektheykhavekservedktheirkfullksentences.k
Thekdecisionktokgrantkparolekiskusuallykmadekbykakparolekboard.kNotkallkjurisdictiosnkink thek
U.S.kgrantkparole
IV. CriminalkJustice:kThekNonsystem
Therekarekseveralkreasonskwhykcallingkcriminalkjusticekak―system‖kmaykbekinappropriatekandkm
isleading.kFirst,ktherekisknoksinglek―criminalkjusticeksystem‖kinkthekUnitedkStates.kSecond,kifkak
systemkiskthoughtkofkaskaksmoothlykoperatingksetkofkarrangementskandkinstitutionskdirectedkto
wardkthekachievementkofkcommonkgoals,konekiskhard-
pressedktokcallkthekoperationkofkcriminalkjusticekinkthekUnitedkStateskaksystem.kInstead,kbecause
ktherekiskconsiderablekconflictkandkconfusionkamongkdifferentkagencieskofkcriminalkjustice,kakm
orekaccurate
Bohm,kIntroductionktokCriminalkJustice,k10e
Copyrightk©2021kMcGraw-HillkEducation.kAllkrightskreserved.kNokreproductionkorkdistributionkwithoutkthekpriorkwrittenkconsentkofkMcGraw-
HillkEducation.
