Intro to neuro final exam study guide with correct answers 100% 2026

Intro to neuro final exam study guide with correct answers 100% 2026 Structure and functions of neurons histological stains used in neuroscience - Correct Answer Dendrites, soma, axon, axon terminal. Nissl stain: stains nucleus of cells (purple) Golgi stain: Stains whole cells randomly Organelles and their functions. Cytoskeleton proteins and their localization within the neuron. - Correct Answer Cell membrane, cytosol, nucleus with DNA, mitochondria with ATP, Rough ER (synthesizes protein from mRNA), golgi apparatus. Cytoskeleton proteins: -Microtubules: Made from tubulin. In axon -Neurofilaments -Microfilaments: Made from actin filaments. In dendrites and axon terminals Neuronal communication: mechanisms and structures - Correct Answer The postsynaptic dendrites receive the signal and sends it through the axon to the postsynaptic axon terminal to send the signal away. Types of neuronal classification - Correct Answer 1. Based on neurite number: unipolar, bipolar, multipolar 2. Based on shape: Stellate (shorter dendrties rounder soma), pyramidal (triangular soma, longer dendrites) 3. Based on connections: Interneurons, motor neurons, sensory neuron Glial cells characteristics and functions: astrocytes, microglia, and myelinating glia - Correct Answer Glial cells surround neurons to provide insulation and support. Astrocytes: *Most numerous*. Surround synapses and maintain optimal chemical and ionic conditions Microglia: Phagocytic cells. Remove debris from extracellular fluid in CNS. Oligodendrocytes: Wrap myelin coating around axons. Made by CNS and Schwann cells. Membrane permeability, characteristics of lipid membranes - Correct Answer Membrane is bilayer of lipids (hydrophillic heads and hydrophobic tails). Membrane is selectively permeable. Ion channels and pumps, including Na/K pump - Correct Answer Ion channels: Ions PASSIVELY diffuse down gradient. Ion pumps: Ions move against gradient (ATP). Na/K pump: Powered by ATP, pumps 3 NA out and 2 K in Electric potential and ionic basis of membrane electric potential - Correct Answer Electric potential (voltage): force exerted on a charged particle. Ionic basis of membrane electric potential: Neurons are more neg inside because of proteins and DNA and are selectively permeable Electrochemical equilibrium - Correct Answer When the chemical and electrical gradients are equal in magnitude. Driving force: what is it, how can it be calculated, what does it mean if positive or negative - Correct Answer Energy behind movement. Calculated by membrane potential (Vm) - Electrical potential at equillibrium (Eion) If positive= Positive ions flow out If negative= Positive ions flow in Electrochemical equilibrium constant values (Eion) for K and Na - Correct Answer K: -80 mV Na: 62 mV Nernst equation and Goldman-Hodgkins-Katz equations: what they are, their components, what information can be obtained - Correct Answer The nernst equation is to determine the electrochemical equilibrium for an ion based on the ions charge and concentration inside and out. The GHK equation considers other ions and their permeability as well as concentration inside and out. Resting membrane potential - Correct Answer the electrical charge of a neuron when it is not active. -65 mV phases of action potential - Correct Answer Depolarization, repolarization, refractory period (hyperpolarization)