Clinical Neurobiology Exam 1 WITH CORRECT ANSWER

Clinical Neurobiology Exam 1 WITH CORRECT ANSWER What is the difference between principal/typical neurons and intrinsic/interneurons? - Correct Answer Principal neurons can exist in the CNS and PNS (in the PNS, comprise sensory and motor neurons), can be excitatory or inhibitory, and can span long or short distances. Interneurons/intrinsic neurons are found nearly? exclusively in the CNS (brain and spinal cord), are primarily inhibitory, and are confined/intrinsic to one particular structure of the CNS (e.g. within the spinal cord only). Astrocyte functions - Correct Answer Homeostasis, metabolism, structural support for neurons, synchronization/regulation of neuronal firing, removal of waste and dead neurons, synaptogenesis, neurotransmitter turnover, vasodilation. Restricted to the CNS! Microglia functions - Correct Answer "immune" cells, phagocytosis, surveillance, waste removal Oligodendrocyte functions - Correct Answer Myelination and axon support in the CNS Schwann cell functions - Correct Answer Myelination and axon support in the PNS Describe the scientific impact of Santiago Ramon y Cajal. - Correct Answer discovered that neurons are individual cells, drew/stained different glia and neurons, used Camillo Golgi's silver staining method. Describe the scientific impact of Ben Barres. - Correct Answer transgender neurobiologist who advocated for gender equality in science/academia. His work focused on glial cells: discovered how developing neurons signal oligodendrocytes to myelinate their axons, and researched how glia are fundamental in forming and eliminating neuronal synapses. Computerized Axial Tomography Scanning (CAT/CT Scan) - Correct Answer Uses X-rays to make detailed pictures of structures inside of the brain. The CT scanner sends X-rays through the brain; each rotation of the scanner provides a picture of a thin slice. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) - Correct Answer Uses a magnetic field and pulses of radio waves (not radiation like an X-ray) to see the structure of the brain. Depending on the strength of the signal, it could be nicer/more detailed than a CT scan. Detailed pictures of organs and internal body structures. Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) - Correct Answer Tweaked version of the MRI to capture blood flow. You can visualize changes in function now, with the blood flow as a proxy for function. Blood flow = increased oxygenation = increased function, so that particular brain area needs more oxygen Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Scan - Correct Answer Radioactively traces glucose, and measures glucose uptake in various regions of the brain. Glucose presence is a proxy for function- we are assuming increased glucose uptake = function Can detect consciousness vs vegetative state vs brain death (hollow-skull sign) Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) - Correct Answer the use of strong magnets to briefly interrupt normal brain activity as a way to study brain regions; magnetic pulses are delivered by a paddlelike device held near the scalp. A newer method.