NSG3280 Exam 1 (Latest Update 2026 /
2027) Pathophysiology for Nurses I
Questions with Verified Answers {Grade
A}100% Correct - Galen
What is cellular adaptation? - Correct answer Cellular adaptation allows cells to
survive ongoing stress through reversible changes when the stressor is removed.
What is irreversible cell injury? - Correct answer Irreversible cell injury occurs when
damage is too severe for recovery, leading to unavoidable cell death.
What are the major types of necrosis? - Correct answer The major types of necrosis
include coagulative (ischemia), liquefactive (liquid tissue), fat necrosis (trauma or
pancreatitis), and caseous (tuberculosis).
,What is gangrene? - Correct answer Gangrene is large-scale tissue death due to loss
of blood supply, which can be dry, wet, or gas gangrene, often requiring urgent
treatment.
What is hypoxia? - Correct answer Hypoxia is a condition of decreased oxygen
availability in tissues.
What is ischemia-reperfusion injury? - Correct answer Ischemia-reperfusion injury
occurs when blood flow returns after ischemia, causing additional damage due to
calcium overload, free radical formation, and inflammation.
What are other causes of cellular injury? - Correct answer Other causes of cellular
injury include nutritional injury, infectious injury, chemical injury, and
physical/mechanical injury.
,What is somatic death? - Correct answer Somatic death refers to the death of the
entire organism, characterized by cessation of heartbeat and breathing, rigor mortis,
and postmortem autolysis.
What is glycogen? - Correct answer Glycogen is stored glucose found in the liver and
muscles, serving as a reserve energy source.
What is glycogenolysis? - Correct answer Glycogenolysis is the breakdown of glycogen
into glucose to maintain blood sugar levels.
What are glucose transporters (GLUT)? - Correct answer GLUT are proteins that
facilitate the transport of glucose across cell membranes; examples include GLUT-1
(blood-brain barrier), GLUT-2 (liver), and GLUT-4 (insulin-dependent tissues).
, What do β (Beta) cells produce? - Correct answer β cells produce proinsulin, which is
stored and cleaved into insulin and C-peptide.
What do α (Alpha) cells produce? - Correct answer α cells produce glucagon, which
stimulates glycogenolysis to raise blood glucose levels.
What is the role of insulin? - Correct answer Insulin facilitates glucose entry into cells,
enhances protein synthesis, prevents muscle breakdown, inhibits gluconeogenesis,
prevents lipolysis, promotes fat storage, prevents ketosis, and stimulates growth via
IGF-1.
What is the Fed State? - Correct answer The Fed State occurs after eating when insulin
levels rise, and glucose is used for energy, glycogen storage, and fat storage.
2027) Pathophysiology for Nurses I
Questions with Verified Answers {Grade
A}100% Correct - Galen
What is cellular adaptation? - Correct answer Cellular adaptation allows cells to
survive ongoing stress through reversible changes when the stressor is removed.
What is irreversible cell injury? - Correct answer Irreversible cell injury occurs when
damage is too severe for recovery, leading to unavoidable cell death.
What are the major types of necrosis? - Correct answer The major types of necrosis
include coagulative (ischemia), liquefactive (liquid tissue), fat necrosis (trauma or
pancreatitis), and caseous (tuberculosis).
,What is gangrene? - Correct answer Gangrene is large-scale tissue death due to loss
of blood supply, which can be dry, wet, or gas gangrene, often requiring urgent
treatment.
What is hypoxia? - Correct answer Hypoxia is a condition of decreased oxygen
availability in tissues.
What is ischemia-reperfusion injury? - Correct answer Ischemia-reperfusion injury
occurs when blood flow returns after ischemia, causing additional damage due to
calcium overload, free radical formation, and inflammation.
What are other causes of cellular injury? - Correct answer Other causes of cellular
injury include nutritional injury, infectious injury, chemical injury, and
physical/mechanical injury.
,What is somatic death? - Correct answer Somatic death refers to the death of the
entire organism, characterized by cessation of heartbeat and breathing, rigor mortis,
and postmortem autolysis.
What is glycogen? - Correct answer Glycogen is stored glucose found in the liver and
muscles, serving as a reserve energy source.
What is glycogenolysis? - Correct answer Glycogenolysis is the breakdown of glycogen
into glucose to maintain blood sugar levels.
What are glucose transporters (GLUT)? - Correct answer GLUT are proteins that
facilitate the transport of glucose across cell membranes; examples include GLUT-1
(blood-brain barrier), GLUT-2 (liver), and GLUT-4 (insulin-dependent tissues).
, What do β (Beta) cells produce? - Correct answer β cells produce proinsulin, which is
stored and cleaved into insulin and C-peptide.
What do α (Alpha) cells produce? - Correct answer α cells produce glucagon, which
stimulates glycogenolysis to raise blood glucose levels.
What is the role of insulin? - Correct answer Insulin facilitates glucose entry into cells,
enhances protein synthesis, prevents muscle breakdown, inhibits gluconeogenesis,
prevents lipolysis, promotes fat storage, prevents ketosis, and stimulates growth via
IGF-1.
What is the Fed State? - Correct answer The Fed State occurs after eating when insulin
levels rise, and glucose is used for energy, glycogen storage, and fat storage.
