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Fitts and Posner 3 stage model (1967) - ANSWER-suggests that
skill acquisition can be defined and monitored based on 3
distinct stages; cognitive stage
cognitive stage - ANSWER-individuals attempt to understand
the movement components necessary to have a successful
execution or performance of the skill, confronted by cognitively
oriented problems, important to provide feedback in the
cognitive stage, associative stage, autonomous stage
associative stage - ANSWER-specific changes to performance
and increased stability of the movement pattern, learned begin
to detect their own movement errors and spend considerable
time refining specific aspects or details of the movement
autonomous stage - ANSWER-skill becomes relatively
automatic, learners use minimal amounts of attention to
preform the skill, learners experience minimal negative
influence from internal or external variables that may limit
performance
,retention test - ANSWER-used to assess the permanence of
the motor skill, it
determines how much information has been retained
following practice
transfer test - ANSWER-assess the degree to which the skill
is adaptable to
differing performance
contexts
Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development - ANSWER-
sensorimotor 0-2 coordination with motor responses,
preoperational 2-7 symbolic thinking , concrete operational 7-
11concepts attached to concrete situations, formal operational
11 and older, theoretical and hypothetical thinking
task-intrinsic feedback - ANSWER-provide the performer with
information about
the quality of the movement and how it relates to the
resulting movement
outcome
augmented feedback - ANSWER-divided into knowledge
of results and
knowledge of
performance
knowledge of results - ANSWER-verbal or verbalizable, terminal
,(postmovement) feedback about the outcome of the movement
in terms of the enviornmental goal
knowledge of performance - ANSWER-augmented feedback
that provides specific information to the performer about the
movements that lead up to the outcome
relative frequency - ANSWER-the percentage of trials in
which augmented
feedback is provided during
practice
bandwidth feedback - ANSWER-sets a range of acceptable
performance error
(bandwidth) around the specific goal
performance level
self-controlled feedback - ANSWER-learners choose when or
how frequently
augmented feedback is administered, found to facilitate
skill acquisition
Contextual Interference - ANSWER-interference generated due
to the context in which the skills are being practiced, can be
achieved by practicing multiple skill variations in the context of
one another or by practicing one skill in different situations or
environments
, blocked practice - ANSWER-learner practices one skill in
isolation before
practicing the next skill or variation of the skill ex. golfer
hitting 20 balls
systematically
random practice - ANSWER-used when the various skills
are practiced in
random order ex. golfer takes 60 shots with
random clubs
universal trait approach - ANSWER-seeks to understand which
personality traits characterize the most successful leaders, in
theory enable one to select natural born leaders
situational trait approach - ANSWER-focuses on both the
traits of the person
and the characteristics of the
specific situation
universal behavior approach - ANSWER-seeks to understand
what leaders do that makes them a success or enables them
to be effective 1) concern for task- focus on achieving
specific objectives
2) concern for people- seek to understand the people you lead
3) directive leadership- making decisions for others
4) participative leadership- sharing decisions with others