Advanced Pathophysiology Exam 1 with Questions and Answers – 100% Solved
3 pathophysiolgical types of AKI - ✔✔✔-prerenal
intrarenal (intrinsic)
postrenal
7 possible mechanisms of fatty accumulation - ✔✔✔--increased movement of free fatty acids
into the liver
-Failure of metabolic process that converts fatty acids to phospholipids resulting in the
preferential conversion of the fatty acids to triglycerides
-increased synthesis of triglycerides from fatty acids
-decreased synthesis of apoproteins (lipid acceptors)
-failure of lipids to bind with apoproteins and form lipoproteins
-failure of mechanisms that transport lipoproteins out of the cell
-direct damage to the ER by free radicals released by alcohol's toxic effects
A cellular change, which is often precancerous, is called:
a. hyperplasia.
b. metaplasia.
c. dysplasia.
d. hypertrophy. - ✔✔✔-C
A certain disease is currently found in 1 of every 10 people in the country and 1,000 people
contract the disease yearly. The population of the country is 4,500,000. Which of the following
statements is correct?
a. The prevalence of the disease is 10% and the incidence is .02%.
b. The prevalence of the disease is .02% and the incidence is 10%.
c. Neither is correct.
d. There is insufficient data - ✔✔✔-A
,Advanced Pathophysiology Exam 1 with Questions and Answers – 100% Solved
A mountain climber is stranded at 23,000 feet in the Swiss Alps and has lost all his equipment
and supplies in an avalanche. Subsequently, he suffers cell injury due to impaired ATP
production. The reason for the decrease in ATP is which of the following?
a. enzyme inhibition
b. uncoupling
c. hypoxia
d. none of the above - ✔✔✔-C
abnormal substances that cause cell accumulation - ✔✔✔--endogenous: product of abnormal
metabolism synthesis
-exogenous: infectious agent or material
acute tubular necrosis - ✔✔✔-damage to the renal tubules due to presence of toxins in the
urine or to ischemia
most common cause of hospital acquired ARF
An elderly patient develops an obstruction in his left middle cerebral artery. The brain tissue
supplied by this artery becomes hypoxic. The best explanation for this is which of the following?
a. the obstruction results in decreased blood flow
b. the obstruction results in decreased hemoglobin in the blood
c. while blood flow stays the same, the obstruction reduces oxygen content in the blood
d. none of the above explain the reason for the hypoxia - ✔✔✔-A
apoptosis - ✔✔✔--event that results in cell death
-quiet, organized, programmed process resulting in elimination of individual cells
,Advanced Pathophysiology Exam 1 with Questions and Answers – 100% Solved
Apoptosis - mitochondrial pathway - ✔✔✔--healthy cell - protein Bcl-2 on surface - inhibits
apoptosis
-internal damage to cell
-protein Bax migrates to the surface of the mitochondria where it inhibits protective effect of
Bcl-2
-inserts self into outer mitochondrial membrane punching holes in it
-cytochrome c leaks out
-cytochrome c binds to the protein Apaf-1
-complexes aggregate to form apoptosomes
-bind to and activate caspase-9
-cleaves and activates other caspases (executioner ones)
-digestion of structural proteins in the cytoplasm
-degradation of chromosomal DNA
-phagocytosis of the cell
Apoptosis death-receptor pathway - ✔✔✔--Fas and TNF receptor are integral membrane
proteins with their receptor domains exposed at the surface of the cell
-binding of the complementary death activator (FasL and TNF) transmits a signal to the
cytoplasm
-actiavation of caspase 8
-initiates cascade of caspase activation
-phagocytosis of cell
apoptosis-inducing - ✔✔✔--neurons have another way to self-destruct that does not use
caspases
-AIF is a protein that is normally located in the intermembrane space of mitochondria
-when cell receives death signal, AIF:
-released from mitochondria
, Advanced Pathophysiology Exam 1 with Questions and Answers – 100% Solved
-migrates to nucleus
-binds to DNA
-triggers destruction of the DNA and cell death
Atrophy - ✔✔✔-Decrease or shrinkage in cellular size.Most common in skeletal muscle, heart,
secondary sex organs, and brain.
calculate the anion gap - ✔✔✔-AG = (Na + K) - (Cl + HCO3)
calculation for corrected serum sodium - ✔✔✔-G= (pt. glucose - 100)/100
(1.6 mEq/L x G) + (serum sodium)
calculation for ideal TBW - ✔✔✔-(current Na X TBW)/140
Calculation for serum osmolality - ✔✔✔-OSM = 2 X [sodium concentration] + [glucose
concentration/18] + [BUN/2.8]
calculation for water deficit - ✔✔✔-((current Na X TBW)/140) - TBW
calculation for water excess - ✔✔✔-the difference between current TBW and ideal TBW
water excess =
weight (kg) x (0.5 F) x (1 - (Na/125))
(0.6 M)
(0.7 infants)
calculation of water def - ✔✔✔-the difference between ideal TBW and current TBW =
3 pathophysiolgical types of AKI - ✔✔✔-prerenal
intrarenal (intrinsic)
postrenal
7 possible mechanisms of fatty accumulation - ✔✔✔--increased movement of free fatty acids
into the liver
-Failure of metabolic process that converts fatty acids to phospholipids resulting in the
preferential conversion of the fatty acids to triglycerides
-increased synthesis of triglycerides from fatty acids
-decreased synthesis of apoproteins (lipid acceptors)
-failure of lipids to bind with apoproteins and form lipoproteins
-failure of mechanisms that transport lipoproteins out of the cell
-direct damage to the ER by free radicals released by alcohol's toxic effects
A cellular change, which is often precancerous, is called:
a. hyperplasia.
b. metaplasia.
c. dysplasia.
d. hypertrophy. - ✔✔✔-C
A certain disease is currently found in 1 of every 10 people in the country and 1,000 people
contract the disease yearly. The population of the country is 4,500,000. Which of the following
statements is correct?
a. The prevalence of the disease is 10% and the incidence is .02%.
b. The prevalence of the disease is .02% and the incidence is 10%.
c. Neither is correct.
d. There is insufficient data - ✔✔✔-A
,Advanced Pathophysiology Exam 1 with Questions and Answers – 100% Solved
A mountain climber is stranded at 23,000 feet in the Swiss Alps and has lost all his equipment
and supplies in an avalanche. Subsequently, he suffers cell injury due to impaired ATP
production. The reason for the decrease in ATP is which of the following?
a. enzyme inhibition
b. uncoupling
c. hypoxia
d. none of the above - ✔✔✔-C
abnormal substances that cause cell accumulation - ✔✔✔--endogenous: product of abnormal
metabolism synthesis
-exogenous: infectious agent or material
acute tubular necrosis - ✔✔✔-damage to the renal tubules due to presence of toxins in the
urine or to ischemia
most common cause of hospital acquired ARF
An elderly patient develops an obstruction in his left middle cerebral artery. The brain tissue
supplied by this artery becomes hypoxic. The best explanation for this is which of the following?
a. the obstruction results in decreased blood flow
b. the obstruction results in decreased hemoglobin in the blood
c. while blood flow stays the same, the obstruction reduces oxygen content in the blood
d. none of the above explain the reason for the hypoxia - ✔✔✔-A
apoptosis - ✔✔✔--event that results in cell death
-quiet, organized, programmed process resulting in elimination of individual cells
,Advanced Pathophysiology Exam 1 with Questions and Answers – 100% Solved
Apoptosis - mitochondrial pathway - ✔✔✔--healthy cell - protein Bcl-2 on surface - inhibits
apoptosis
-internal damage to cell
-protein Bax migrates to the surface of the mitochondria where it inhibits protective effect of
Bcl-2
-inserts self into outer mitochondrial membrane punching holes in it
-cytochrome c leaks out
-cytochrome c binds to the protein Apaf-1
-complexes aggregate to form apoptosomes
-bind to and activate caspase-9
-cleaves and activates other caspases (executioner ones)
-digestion of structural proteins in the cytoplasm
-degradation of chromosomal DNA
-phagocytosis of the cell
Apoptosis death-receptor pathway - ✔✔✔--Fas and TNF receptor are integral membrane
proteins with their receptor domains exposed at the surface of the cell
-binding of the complementary death activator (FasL and TNF) transmits a signal to the
cytoplasm
-actiavation of caspase 8
-initiates cascade of caspase activation
-phagocytosis of cell
apoptosis-inducing - ✔✔✔--neurons have another way to self-destruct that does not use
caspases
-AIF is a protein that is normally located in the intermembrane space of mitochondria
-when cell receives death signal, AIF:
-released from mitochondria
, Advanced Pathophysiology Exam 1 with Questions and Answers – 100% Solved
-migrates to nucleus
-binds to DNA
-triggers destruction of the DNA and cell death
Atrophy - ✔✔✔-Decrease or shrinkage in cellular size.Most common in skeletal muscle, heart,
secondary sex organs, and brain.
calculate the anion gap - ✔✔✔-AG = (Na + K) - (Cl + HCO3)
calculation for corrected serum sodium - ✔✔✔-G= (pt. glucose - 100)/100
(1.6 mEq/L x G) + (serum sodium)
calculation for ideal TBW - ✔✔✔-(current Na X TBW)/140
Calculation for serum osmolality - ✔✔✔-OSM = 2 X [sodium concentration] + [glucose
concentration/18] + [BUN/2.8]
calculation for water deficit - ✔✔✔-((current Na X TBW)/140) - TBW
calculation for water excess - ✔✔✔-the difference between current TBW and ideal TBW
water excess =
weight (kg) x (0.5 F) x (1 - (Na/125))
(0.6 M)
(0.7 infants)
calculation of water def - ✔✔✔-the difference between ideal TBW and current TBW =
