D236 Pathophysiology
Exam Questions And
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Rationales 2025/2026
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1. What is the primary mechanism of cellular injury due to
hypoxia?
A. Increased ATP production
B. Decreased anaerobic metabolism
C. Loss of ATP production
D. Increased protein synthesis
Answer: C. Loss of ATP production
Rationale: Hypoxia reduces oxygen availability, leading to
,decreased oxidative phosphorylation and ATP depletion,
which disrupts cellular functions.
2. Which type of necrosis is commonly associated with
tuberculosis?
A. Liquefactive
B. Coagulative
C. Caseous
D. Fat
Answer: C. Caseous
Rationale: Caseous necrosis has a cheese-like appearance
and is characteristic of tuberculosis infections.
3. Which electrolyte imbalance is most associated with
cardiac arrhythmias?
A. Hypernatremia
B. Hypokalemia
C. Hypercalcemia
D. Hypochloremia
Answer: B. Hypokalemia
Rationale: Low potassium disrupts cardiac electrical activity,
increasing risk of arrhythmias.
4. What is the main function of neutrophils in
inflammation?
,A. Antibody production
B. Phagocytosis of pathogens
C. Oxygen transport
D. Histamine release
Answer: B. Phagocytosis of pathogens
Rationale: Neutrophils are first responders that engulf and
destroy invading microbes.
5. Which condition is characterized by irreversible airway
obstruction?
A. Asthma
B. Bronchitis
C. Emphysema
D. Pneumonia
Answer: C. Emphysema
Rationale: Emphysema causes permanent alveolar
destruction leading to irreversible airflow limitation.
6. What is the hallmark of type 1 diabetes mellitus?
A. Insulin resistance
B. Autoimmune beta-cell destruction
C. Excess glucagon secretion
D. Obesity-induced hyperglycemia
Answer: B. Autoimmune beta-cell destruction
Rationale: Type 1 DM results from immune-mediated
destruction of pancreatic beta cells.
, 7. Which organ is primarily affected in cirrhosis?
A. Kidney
B. Liver
C. Lung
D. Pancreas
Answer: B. Liver
Rationale: Cirrhosis is chronic liver damage characterized by
fibrosis and nodular regeneration.
8. What is the most common cause of myocardial
infarction?
A. Valve failure
B. Coronary artery thrombosis
C. Hypertension
D. Viral infection
Answer: B. Coronary artery thrombosis
Rationale: MI is usually caused by atherosclerotic plaque
rupture leading to thrombosis.
9. Which condition is associated with “ground-glass” lung
appearance?
A. Asthma
B. Pulmonary edema
C. Emphysema
D. Bronchitis
Exam Questions And
Correct Answers
(Verified Answers) Plus
Rationales 2025/2026
Q&A | Instant
Download Pdf
1. What is the primary mechanism of cellular injury due to
hypoxia?
A. Increased ATP production
B. Decreased anaerobic metabolism
C. Loss of ATP production
D. Increased protein synthesis
Answer: C. Loss of ATP production
Rationale: Hypoxia reduces oxygen availability, leading to
,decreased oxidative phosphorylation and ATP depletion,
which disrupts cellular functions.
2. Which type of necrosis is commonly associated with
tuberculosis?
A. Liquefactive
B. Coagulative
C. Caseous
D. Fat
Answer: C. Caseous
Rationale: Caseous necrosis has a cheese-like appearance
and is characteristic of tuberculosis infections.
3. Which electrolyte imbalance is most associated with
cardiac arrhythmias?
A. Hypernatremia
B. Hypokalemia
C. Hypercalcemia
D. Hypochloremia
Answer: B. Hypokalemia
Rationale: Low potassium disrupts cardiac electrical activity,
increasing risk of arrhythmias.
4. What is the main function of neutrophils in
inflammation?
,A. Antibody production
B. Phagocytosis of pathogens
C. Oxygen transport
D. Histamine release
Answer: B. Phagocytosis of pathogens
Rationale: Neutrophils are first responders that engulf and
destroy invading microbes.
5. Which condition is characterized by irreversible airway
obstruction?
A. Asthma
B. Bronchitis
C. Emphysema
D. Pneumonia
Answer: C. Emphysema
Rationale: Emphysema causes permanent alveolar
destruction leading to irreversible airflow limitation.
6. What is the hallmark of type 1 diabetes mellitus?
A. Insulin resistance
B. Autoimmune beta-cell destruction
C. Excess glucagon secretion
D. Obesity-induced hyperglycemia
Answer: B. Autoimmune beta-cell destruction
Rationale: Type 1 DM results from immune-mediated
destruction of pancreatic beta cells.
, 7. Which organ is primarily affected in cirrhosis?
A. Kidney
B. Liver
C. Lung
D. Pancreas
Answer: B. Liver
Rationale: Cirrhosis is chronic liver damage characterized by
fibrosis and nodular regeneration.
8. What is the most common cause of myocardial
infarction?
A. Valve failure
B. Coronary artery thrombosis
C. Hypertension
D. Viral infection
Answer: B. Coronary artery thrombosis
Rationale: MI is usually caused by atherosclerotic plaque
rupture leading to thrombosis.
9. Which condition is associated with “ground-glass” lung
appearance?
A. Asthma
B. Pulmonary edema
C. Emphysema
D. Bronchitis
