Solutions Manual For Physics for Scientists & Engineers with Modern Physics (Volume 3) 5e (Global Edition) By Douglas C. Giancoli

PhysicsforScientists& 2
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EngineerswithModernPhysics
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(Volume 3) 5e (Global Edition)
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ByDouglasC.Giancoli q2 q2 q2 q2




q2 (SolutionsManualAllChapters, 2
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100%OriginalVerified,A+
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Grade) q2




(Chapters36-44) 2
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AllChaptersSolutionsManual
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Supplementfilesdownloadlink
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at the end of this file.
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,CHAPTER36: TheSpecialTheoryof Relativity q2 q 2 q2 q2 q2 q2




q2 Responses to Questions q2 q2




1. No. Since the windowless car in an exceptionally smooth train moving at a constant velocity is an
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inertial reference frame and the basic laws of physics are the same in all inertial reference frames, there is
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no way for you to tell if you are moving or not. The first postulate of the special theory of relativity can be
q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q 2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2




phrased as “no experiment can tell you if an inertial reference frame is at rest or moving uniformly at
q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2




constant velocity.”
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2. The fact that you instinctively think you are moving is consistent with the relativity principle applied to
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mechanics. Even though you are at rest relative to the ground, when the car next to you creeps forward,
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you are moving backward relative to that car.
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3. Since the railroad car is traveling with a constant velocity, the ball will land back in his hand. Both the
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ball and the car are already moving forward (relative to the ground), so when the ball is thrown straight up
q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2




into the air with respect to the car, it will continue to move forward at the same rate as the car and fall back
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down to land in his hand.
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4. Whether you say the Earth goes around the Sun or the Sun goes around the Earth depends on your q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2




reference frame. It is valid to say either one, depending on which frame you choose. The laws of
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physics, though, won’t be the same in each of these reference frames, since the Earth is accelerating as it
q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2




goes around the Sun. The Sun is nearly an inertial reference frame, but the Earth is not.
q2 q2 q2 q2 q 2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2




5. The starlight would pass at c, regardless of your spaceship’s speed. This is consistent with the
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second postulate of relativity, which states that the speed of light through empty space is
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independent of the speed of the source or the observer.
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6. The clocks are not at fault and they are functioning properly. Time itself is actually measured to pass more
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slowly in moving reference frames when compared to a rest frame. Any measurement of time
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(heartbeats or decay rates, for instance) would be measured as slower than normal when viewed by an
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observer outside the moving reference frame.
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7. Time actually passes more slowly in the moving reference frame, including aging and other life
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processes. It is not just that it seems this way–time has actually been measured to pass more slowly in the
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moving reference frame, as predicted by special relativity.
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8. This situation is an example of the “twin paradox” applied to parent–child instead of to twins. This
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situation would be possible if the woman was traveling at high enough speeds during her trip. Time would
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have passed more slowly for her and she would have aged less than her son, who stayed on Earth. (Note
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that the situations of the woman and son are not symmetric; she must undergo acceleration during her
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journey.)
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9. You would notnotice achange in your ownheartbeat, mass, height, orwaistline. No matter howfast you are
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moving relative to Earth, you are at rest in yourown reference frame. Thus, you would not noticeany
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changes in yourown characteristics. Toobserverson Earth,you aremoving awayat 0.6c, whichgives  =
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1.25. Ifweassumethat youare standingup,so thatyourbodyisperpendicular tothe directionofmotion,then
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totheobserversonEarth,itwouldappearthatyourheartbeathasslowedbya factor of1/1.25 = 0.80 and that
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your waistline has decreased by a factor of 0.80 (dueto time dilation andlength contraction). Your height
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would beunchanged (since there isno relative motion between you and Earth in that direction). Also note
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the comments in Section 36–9 of thetext on “Rest Mass
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,Physics for Scientists & Engineers with Modern Physics, 5e, Global Edition
q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 Instructor Solutions Manual q2 q2




andRelativisticMass”forcommentsaboutmasschangeandrelativity. Youractualmasshasnot changed.
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10. Yes, they do occur. However, at a speed of only90km/hr, v q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q 2 c is extremely small, and therefore γ is
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very close to one, so the effects would not be noticeable. q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2




11. Length contraction and time dilation would not occur. If thespeed of light were infinite, v c wouldq2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q 2 q 2 q 2




be 0 for all finite values of v, and therefore γ would always be 1, resulting in t = t0
q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q 2 q 2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q 2 q 2 q2

q 2
and l = l0. q 2 q 2 q 2 2
q

q2




1−v c . If c were not
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12. Boththe lengthcontraction andtimedilation formulas include theterm
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q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 2
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the limiting speed in the universe, then it would be possible to have a situation with v  c. However, this
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would result in a negative number under the square root, which gives an imaginary number as a result,
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indicating that c must be the limiting speed. Also, assuming the relativistic formulas were still correct,
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as v gets very close to c, an outside observer should be able to show that
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l = l0 1−v isgetting smaller and smaller and that the limit as v→c is l →0.
2
This would
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q 2 q2 2
q q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q 2 2
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2
show thatcc is a limiting speed, since nothing can get smaller than having a length of 0. A similar
q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q 2 q2




to
analysis for time dilation shouldshowthat t = is getting longer and longer and that the q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q 2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2




1−v c
2 2
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limit as v→c is t →. This would show that c is a limiting speed, since the slowest that time
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can pass is that it comes to a stop. q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2




13. If the speed of light was 25 m/s, then we would see relativistic effects all the time, something like the
q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2




Chapter opening figure or Figure 36–16 with Question 21. Everything moving relative to us would be
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length contracted and time dilation would have to be taken into account for many events. There would be
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no “absolute time” on which we would all agree, so it would be more difficult, for instance, to plan to meet
q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2




friends for lunch at a certain time. Many “twin paradox” kind of events would occur, and the momentum
q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q 2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2




of moving objects would become very large, making it very difficult to change their motion. One of the
q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2




most unusual changes for today’s modern inhabitants of Earth would be that nothing would be able to
q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2




move faster than 25 m/s, which is only about 56 mi/h.
q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2




mv
14. No.Therelativistic momentumof theelectron isgiven by q2 . At low speeds q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 p =mv = q2 q2 q2 q2 q 2 q2 q2




1−v
2 2
c
q 2 q 2




q2 q2




(compared to c) this reduces to the classical momentum, p = mv. As v approaches c, γ approaches q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q 2 q2 q2 q 2 q 2 q 2 q2 q2 q2




infinity so there is no upper limit to the electron’s momentum. q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2




15. No. To accelerate a particle with nonzero rest mass up to the speed of light would require an infinite
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amount of kinetic energy, according to Eq. 36–10a, and so is not possible.
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16. No, E = mc2 does not conflict with the conservation of energy, it actually completes it. Since this
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equation shows us that mass and energy are interconvertible, it says it is now necessary to include mass
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as a form of energy in the analysis of energy conservation in physical processes.
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17. Every observer will measure the speed of a beam of light to be c. Check it with Eq. 36–7d. “Away” from
q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q 2 q2




the Earth is taken as the positive direction, so “towards” the Earth is the negative direction.
q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2

, Chapter 36 q2 The Special Theory of Relativityq2 q2 q2 q2




v + u (−c)+ 0.70c
= =−c. u=
q2 q2
q 2 q2 q2




vu 1+ (−1)(0.70)
q2 q2 q2 q2




q 2

q2 q2
q2




1+ 2 q2 q 2




c
Thebeam’s speed (magnitudeofvelocity), relative toEarth,isc.
q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2




18. Yes. One way to describe the energy stored in the compressed spring is to say it is a mass increase
q 2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2




(although it would be so small that it could not be measured). This “mass” will convert back to energy
q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q 2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2




when the spring is uncompressed.
q2 q2 q2 q2 q2




19. Matter and energy are interconvertible (matter can be converted into energy and energy can be
q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2




converted into matter). Thus we should say, “Energy can neither be created nor destroyed.”
q2 q2 q2 q 2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2




20. No, our intuitive notion that velocities simply add is not completely wrong. Our intuition is based on our
q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q 2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2




everyday experiences, and at these everyday speeds our intuition is correct regarding how velocities add.
q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2




Our intuition does break down, though, at very high speeds, where we have to take into account
q 2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2




relativistic effects. Relativity does not contradict classical mechanics, but it is a more general theory
q2 q2 q 2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2




whereas classical mechanics is a limiting case.
q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2




21. (a) q From the girlfriend’s frame of reference, she and her Vespa are at rest while the observer and the
2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2




q2 streetscape are moving to the left at 70 km/h. As a result the observer and the streetscape will be q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q 2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2




q2 narrower (in the horizontal direction), and she and her Vespa appear at their original width. The q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q 2




q2 observer and streetscape will appear unchanged in the vertical direction. q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2




ResponsestoMisConceptualQuestions 2
q 2
q 2
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1. (e) q 2 Answer (e) is one of the postulates of special relativity: Light propagates through empty space with
q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2




q2 a definite speed c independent of the speed of the source or observer. The other answers
q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q 2 q2 q2




q2 contradict this postulate. q2 q2




2. (c, d) q2 Page 1078 says: “Rotating or otherwise accelerating frames of reference are noninertial q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2




q2 frames,” and “A reference frame that moves with constant velocity with respect to an inertial frame
q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2




q2 is itself also an inertial frame.” So answers (a) and (b) describe inertial frames (answer a with a
q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q 2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2




q2 relative velocity of 0), and answers (c) and (d) describe noninertial frames. q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2




3. (a) Proper length is the length measured by aperson at rest with the object measured. The ship’s
q 2 q 2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q 2 q2




captain isat rest with theship,so that measurement is theproper length. q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2