NURS 8022 Exam 1 EXAM, comprehensive questions and verified answers
| 2026!Exam 1 Patho- NURS 8022
1. Negative Feedback Promotes stability; cancels out the original response. Ex: High
FSBS, increased insulin by the pancreas
2. Positive Feedback Promotes a change in one direction; instability, DISEASE. Ex: Blood
clotting, platelet cascade
3. Proteins Provide selectivity to a membrane
4. Integral proteins channels, pores, carriers, enzymes, receptors, second messengers
5. Peripheral proteins Enzymes, intracellular, signal mediatiors
6. ATP Converted to ADP to produce energy; chemical bonds between
2nd and 3rd phosphate groups have abundant energy
7. Simple/passive diffusion Occurs down a concentration gradient; from HIGH to LOW con-
centration
8. Simple/passive diffusion Diffuse from high to lower pressure; diffusion will not occur if the
membrane is non permeable to the molecule
9. Factors that affect the net 1. Concentration difference (high to low)
rate of diffusion 2. Electrical Potential (EMF)- charge difference on each side of the
membrane matters TOO!
3. Pressure difference (higher pressure results in increased ener-
gy)
10. Osmosis Passive transport of fluid across a membrane; from an area of low
solute concentration to high solute concentration (high FLUID to
low FLUID)
11. Primary Active Transport Molecules are "pumped" against ("uphill") a concentration; DI-
RECT USE OF ENERGY
, NURS 8022 Exam 1 EXAM, comprehensive questions and verified answers
| 2026!Exam 1 Patho- NURS 8022
12. Secondary Active Transport Trasport is driven by the energy STORED in the concentration
gradient of another molecule (Na+); INDIRECT USE OF ENERGY
13. Na+- K+ ATPase Carrier protein located on the plasma membrane of alll cells;
enzyme that converts ATP to ADP to release energy
-Important role in regulating osmotic balance
-Requires one to two thirds of cells energy
14. Ca2+ ATPase Maintains a low cystosolic Ca2+ concentration
15. H+ ATPase - Found in parietal cells of gastric glands (HCl secretion) and
intercalated cells of renal tubules (controls blood pH)
- Concentrates H+ ions up to 1 million-fold
16. Remember: Sodium Potas- sodium is pumped out of the cell; potassium is pumped in...
sium Pump
17. Secondary Active Trans- Co-transport: Substance is transported in the same direction as
port; Co-transport the "driver" ion (Na+)
18. Counter transport Substance is transported in the opposite direction as the driver ion
Na+
19. How do cardiac glycosides Increase intracellular Ca2+
increase cardiac contractili-
ty?
20. ungated Ion Channels determined by size, shape, distribution of charge
21. Gated Ion Channels -volgate (e.g.) Voltage dependent Na+ channels)
-Chemically (e.g. Nicotinic AcH receptor channels)
22. Ion Channels Conductance depends on probability that channel is open.
| 2026!Exam 1 Patho- NURS 8022
1. Negative Feedback Promotes stability; cancels out the original response. Ex: High
FSBS, increased insulin by the pancreas
2. Positive Feedback Promotes a change in one direction; instability, DISEASE. Ex: Blood
clotting, platelet cascade
3. Proteins Provide selectivity to a membrane
4. Integral proteins channels, pores, carriers, enzymes, receptors, second messengers
5. Peripheral proteins Enzymes, intracellular, signal mediatiors
6. ATP Converted to ADP to produce energy; chemical bonds between
2nd and 3rd phosphate groups have abundant energy
7. Simple/passive diffusion Occurs down a concentration gradient; from HIGH to LOW con-
centration
8. Simple/passive diffusion Diffuse from high to lower pressure; diffusion will not occur if the
membrane is non permeable to the molecule
9. Factors that affect the net 1. Concentration difference (high to low)
rate of diffusion 2. Electrical Potential (EMF)- charge difference on each side of the
membrane matters TOO!
3. Pressure difference (higher pressure results in increased ener-
gy)
10. Osmosis Passive transport of fluid across a membrane; from an area of low
solute concentration to high solute concentration (high FLUID to
low FLUID)
11. Primary Active Transport Molecules are "pumped" against ("uphill") a concentration; DI-
RECT USE OF ENERGY
, NURS 8022 Exam 1 EXAM, comprehensive questions and verified answers
| 2026!Exam 1 Patho- NURS 8022
12. Secondary Active Transport Trasport is driven by the energy STORED in the concentration
gradient of another molecule (Na+); INDIRECT USE OF ENERGY
13. Na+- K+ ATPase Carrier protein located on the plasma membrane of alll cells;
enzyme that converts ATP to ADP to release energy
-Important role in regulating osmotic balance
-Requires one to two thirds of cells energy
14. Ca2+ ATPase Maintains a low cystosolic Ca2+ concentration
15. H+ ATPase - Found in parietal cells of gastric glands (HCl secretion) and
intercalated cells of renal tubules (controls blood pH)
- Concentrates H+ ions up to 1 million-fold
16. Remember: Sodium Potas- sodium is pumped out of the cell; potassium is pumped in...
sium Pump
17. Secondary Active Trans- Co-transport: Substance is transported in the same direction as
port; Co-transport the "driver" ion (Na+)
18. Counter transport Substance is transported in the opposite direction as the driver ion
Na+
19. How do cardiac glycosides Increase intracellular Ca2+
increase cardiac contractili-
ty?
20. ungated Ion Channels determined by size, shape, distribution of charge
21. Gated Ion Channels -volgate (e.g.) Voltage dependent Na+ channels)
-Chemically (e.g. Nicotinic AcH receptor channels)
22. Ion Channels Conductance depends on probability that channel is open.
