NSG 5140 ADVANCED
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY — MIDTERM 1
1. Which mechanism best explains the development of
edema in congestive heart failure?
A. Increased plasma oncotic pressure
B. Decreased capillary hydrostatic pressure
C. Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure
D. Decreased interstitial fluid volume
C. Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure
In congestive heart failure, the heart’s reduced pumping ability
leads to venous congestion. This increases hydrostatic pressure
in capillaries, forcing fluid out into the interstitial space,
resulting in edema.
2. Which condition is most associated with type 1
hypersensitivity reactions?
A. Hemolytic anemia
B. Allergic rhinitis
C. Systemic lupus erythematosus
D. Graft-versus-host disease
B. Allergic rhinitis
Type 1 hypersensitivity is IgE-mediated and involves mast cell
degranulation. Conditions like allergic rhinitis, asthma, and
anaphylaxis fall under this category.
3. Which acid-base disorder is characterized by decreased pH
and increased PaCO₂?
A. Metabolic acidosis
, B. Respiratory alkalosis
C. Respiratory acidosis
D. Metabolic alkalosis
C. Respiratory acidosis
Respiratory acidosis results from hypoventilation, leading to CO₂
retention. Elevated CO₂ increases hydrogen ion concentration,
lowering pH.
4. The primary cause of type 2 diabetes mellitus is:
A. Absolute insulin deficiency
B. Autoimmune destruction of beta cells
C. Insulin resistance
D. Excess glucagon secretion only
C. Insulin resistance
Type 2 diabetes is characterized primarily by insulin resistance
in peripheral tissues, often accompanied by relative insulin
deficiency over time.
5. Which cellular adaptation involves an increase in cell size?
A. Hyperplasia
B. Atrophy
C. Metaplasia
D. Hypertrophy
D. Hypertrophy
Hypertrophy is the enlargement of existing cells, commonly
seen in cardiac and skeletal muscle in response to increased
workload.
, 6. Which electrolyte imbalance is most associated with
cardiac arrhythmias?
A. Hypernatremia
B. Hypokalemia
C. Hypercalcemia
D. Hypermagnesemia
B. Hypokalemia
Low potassium levels alter cardiac membrane excitability,
increasing the risk of dysrhythmias.
7. Which mechanism is primarily responsible for septic
shock?
A. Increased systemic vascular resistance
B. Peripheral vasodilation due to inflammatory mediators
C. Decreased cardiac output from infarction
D. Increased blood viscosity
B. Peripheral vasodilation due to inflammatory mediators
Septic shock involves widespread vasodilation caused by
cytokines and nitric oxide, leading to hypotension and tissue
hypoperfusion.
8. Which organ is primarily responsible for erythropoietin
production?
A. Liver
B. Spleen
C. Kidney
D. Bone marrow
C. Kidney
, The kidneys produce erythropoietin in response to hypoxia,
stimulating red blood cell production in the bone marrow.
9. A deficiency of surfactant in neonates leads to:
A. Pulmonary embolism
B. Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome
C. Asthma
D. Pneumothorax
B. Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome
Surfactant reduces alveolar surface tension; deficiency causes
alveolar collapse and impaired gas exchange in premature
infants.
10. Which type of necrosis is commonly seen in the brain
following ischemia?
A. Coagulative
B. Liquefactive
C. Caseous
D. Fat necrosis
B. Liquefactive
Liquefactive necrosis occurs in CNS tissue due to enzymatic
digestion of dead cells.
11. The hallmark of rheumatoid arthritis is:
A. Uric acid crystal deposition
B. Degeneration of cartilage only
C. Autoimmune synovial inflammation
D. Osteoblast overactivity
C. Autoimmune synovial inflammation
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY — MIDTERM 1
1. Which mechanism best explains the development of
edema in congestive heart failure?
A. Increased plasma oncotic pressure
B. Decreased capillary hydrostatic pressure
C. Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure
D. Decreased interstitial fluid volume
C. Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure
In congestive heart failure, the heart’s reduced pumping ability
leads to venous congestion. This increases hydrostatic pressure
in capillaries, forcing fluid out into the interstitial space,
resulting in edema.
2. Which condition is most associated with type 1
hypersensitivity reactions?
A. Hemolytic anemia
B. Allergic rhinitis
C. Systemic lupus erythematosus
D. Graft-versus-host disease
B. Allergic rhinitis
Type 1 hypersensitivity is IgE-mediated and involves mast cell
degranulation. Conditions like allergic rhinitis, asthma, and
anaphylaxis fall under this category.
3. Which acid-base disorder is characterized by decreased pH
and increased PaCO₂?
A. Metabolic acidosis
, B. Respiratory alkalosis
C. Respiratory acidosis
D. Metabolic alkalosis
C. Respiratory acidosis
Respiratory acidosis results from hypoventilation, leading to CO₂
retention. Elevated CO₂ increases hydrogen ion concentration,
lowering pH.
4. The primary cause of type 2 diabetes mellitus is:
A. Absolute insulin deficiency
B. Autoimmune destruction of beta cells
C. Insulin resistance
D. Excess glucagon secretion only
C. Insulin resistance
Type 2 diabetes is characterized primarily by insulin resistance
in peripheral tissues, often accompanied by relative insulin
deficiency over time.
5. Which cellular adaptation involves an increase in cell size?
A. Hyperplasia
B. Atrophy
C. Metaplasia
D. Hypertrophy
D. Hypertrophy
Hypertrophy is the enlargement of existing cells, commonly
seen in cardiac and skeletal muscle in response to increased
workload.
, 6. Which electrolyte imbalance is most associated with
cardiac arrhythmias?
A. Hypernatremia
B. Hypokalemia
C. Hypercalcemia
D. Hypermagnesemia
B. Hypokalemia
Low potassium levels alter cardiac membrane excitability,
increasing the risk of dysrhythmias.
7. Which mechanism is primarily responsible for septic
shock?
A. Increased systemic vascular resistance
B. Peripheral vasodilation due to inflammatory mediators
C. Decreased cardiac output from infarction
D. Increased blood viscosity
B. Peripheral vasodilation due to inflammatory mediators
Septic shock involves widespread vasodilation caused by
cytokines and nitric oxide, leading to hypotension and tissue
hypoperfusion.
8. Which organ is primarily responsible for erythropoietin
production?
A. Liver
B. Spleen
C. Kidney
D. Bone marrow
C. Kidney
, The kidneys produce erythropoietin in response to hypoxia,
stimulating red blood cell production in the bone marrow.
9. A deficiency of surfactant in neonates leads to:
A. Pulmonary embolism
B. Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome
C. Asthma
D. Pneumothorax
B. Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome
Surfactant reduces alveolar surface tension; deficiency causes
alveolar collapse and impaired gas exchange in premature
infants.
10. Which type of necrosis is commonly seen in the brain
following ischemia?
A. Coagulative
B. Liquefactive
C. Caseous
D. Fat necrosis
B. Liquefactive
Liquefactive necrosis occurs in CNS tissue due to enzymatic
digestion of dead cells.
11. The hallmark of rheumatoid arthritis is:
A. Uric acid crystal deposition
B. Degeneration of cartilage only
C. Autoimmune synovial inflammation
D. Osteoblast overactivity
C. Autoimmune synovial inflammation
