Page 1 of 50
GERIATRIC EXAM 2 COMBINED COMPLETE QUESTIONS
NEWEST QUESTIONS 2026 EXAM QUESTIONS LATEST
VERSION SOLVED QUESTIONS & ANSWERS VERIFIED
Geriatrics focuses on what key factors in care?
• Impact of ↓ physiologic reserve
• Functional/cognitive status
• Goals of care
• Social context
• Multimorbidity / polypharmacy
What are causes of “normal aging” changes per Rule of Fourths
Disease, disuse, misuse, physiologic aging (1/4 each)
What are treatment goals in aging?
• Treat medically
• Increase activity
• Prevent decline
• Adapt / compensate for disability
What is decreased physiologic reserve?
Reduced ability to respond to stress → ↑ vulnerability
What are key normal aging body changes?
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• ↓ sleep stages 3 and 4
• ↓ body water
• ↑ body fat
• Mild brain atrophy
What are key cardiac/renal/bone changes with aging?
• ↓ max HR (~155)
• ↓ renal perfusion (~50%)
• ↓ bone mineral (~30%)
What are key sensory/reproductive changes with aging?
• ↓ vision (40–50)
• ↓ high-pitch hearing
• ↓ taste (~70%)
• ↓ libido
• Prostate doubles in size
What system-wide declines occur with aging?
• ↓ muscle mass / strength
• ↓ bone density
• ↓ lung capacity
• ↓ thirst/nutrition
• ↓ immunity
Why are older adults vulnerable?
• Rapid health changes
• Illness
• Bedrest
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• Temperature changes
• Infections
What causes nocturia in elderly?
Increased renal perfusion when lying down and BPH
How is nocturia managed?
- Fluids early in day
- Diuretics in the morning
- Treat BPH
What causes fatigue in elderly?
Decreased stamina leading to frailty
How is fatigue managed?
Nutrition, naps, adequate rest
Why are elderly at risk for delirium?
Decreased brain functional reserve and anesthesia
How to reduce delirium risk?
Minimize sedation and avoid anticholinergics
Why are elderly at high fall risk?
↓ neuromuscular equilibrium
How to prevent falls?
• Remove hazards
• Widen spaces
• Improve lighting
What defines cognitive status in geriatrics?
• Executive function
• Memory
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• Mental status
• Decision-making ability
What defines functional status?
- Independence in environment
- Inlcudes ADLs, IADLs
What does "move it or lose it" mean?
• Bedrest → ↓ functional reserve
• ↓ mobility → orthostasis / falls
What happens with prolonged bedrest?
• Loss of ambulation
• Blunted reflexes
• ↓ BP
What guides clinical decision-making in geriatrics?
Chief complaint , patient goals, and prognosis
What is a common misconception about wheelchairs in older adults
They are not always helpful
Why can wheelchairs be harmful?
Sedentary lifestyle may lead to
- muscle atrophy
- constipation
- pressure sores
- UTIs
- decreased stimulation
Why are caregivers important in geriatrics?
Assist decisions + act as surrogates
GERIATRIC EXAM 2 COMBINED COMPLETE QUESTIONS
NEWEST QUESTIONS 2026 EXAM QUESTIONS LATEST
VERSION SOLVED QUESTIONS & ANSWERS VERIFIED
Geriatrics focuses on what key factors in care?
• Impact of ↓ physiologic reserve
• Functional/cognitive status
• Goals of care
• Social context
• Multimorbidity / polypharmacy
What are causes of “normal aging” changes per Rule of Fourths
Disease, disuse, misuse, physiologic aging (1/4 each)
What are treatment goals in aging?
• Treat medically
• Increase activity
• Prevent decline
• Adapt / compensate for disability
What is decreased physiologic reserve?
Reduced ability to respond to stress → ↑ vulnerability
What are key normal aging body changes?
, Page 2 of 50
• ↓ sleep stages 3 and 4
• ↓ body water
• ↑ body fat
• Mild brain atrophy
What are key cardiac/renal/bone changes with aging?
• ↓ max HR (~155)
• ↓ renal perfusion (~50%)
• ↓ bone mineral (~30%)
What are key sensory/reproductive changes with aging?
• ↓ vision (40–50)
• ↓ high-pitch hearing
• ↓ taste (~70%)
• ↓ libido
• Prostate doubles in size
What system-wide declines occur with aging?
• ↓ muscle mass / strength
• ↓ bone density
• ↓ lung capacity
• ↓ thirst/nutrition
• ↓ immunity
Why are older adults vulnerable?
• Rapid health changes
• Illness
• Bedrest
, Page 3 of 50
• Temperature changes
• Infections
What causes nocturia in elderly?
Increased renal perfusion when lying down and BPH
How is nocturia managed?
- Fluids early in day
- Diuretics in the morning
- Treat BPH
What causes fatigue in elderly?
Decreased stamina leading to frailty
How is fatigue managed?
Nutrition, naps, adequate rest
Why are elderly at risk for delirium?
Decreased brain functional reserve and anesthesia
How to reduce delirium risk?
Minimize sedation and avoid anticholinergics
Why are elderly at high fall risk?
↓ neuromuscular equilibrium
How to prevent falls?
• Remove hazards
• Widen spaces
• Improve lighting
What defines cognitive status in geriatrics?
• Executive function
• Memory
, Page 4 of 50
• Mental status
• Decision-making ability
What defines functional status?
- Independence in environment
- Inlcudes ADLs, IADLs
What does "move it or lose it" mean?
• Bedrest → ↓ functional reserve
• ↓ mobility → orthostasis / falls
What happens with prolonged bedrest?
• Loss of ambulation
• Blunted reflexes
• ↓ BP
What guides clinical decision-making in geriatrics?
Chief complaint , patient goals, and prognosis
What is a common misconception about wheelchairs in older adults
They are not always helpful
Why can wheelchairs be harmful?
Sedentary lifestyle may lead to
- muscle atrophy
- constipation
- pressure sores
- UTIs
- decreased stimulation
Why are caregivers important in geriatrics?
Assist decisions + act as surrogates
