LPN Pharmacology (Final) Newest Questions
and Answers (2026) | Comprehensive Updated
Review and Rationales | Grade A+
• What are the factors that can influence individual differences in medication responses?
-✓✓Age
Weight
Sex
Disease
Route of Administration
• Pregnancy Risk Category A -✓✓Adequate well controlled studies in pregnant women
have not shown an increased risk of fetal abnormalities to the fetus in any trimester of
pregnancy
• Pregnancy Risk Category B -✓✓Animal studies have revealed no evidence of harm to
the fetus; however there are no adequate and well controlled studies in pregnant
women
OR
Animal studies have shown an adverse effect, but adequate and well controlled studies
in pregnant women have failed to demonstrate risk to the fetus in any trimester
• Pregnancy Risk Category C -✓✓Animal studies have shown an adverse effect and
there are no adequate and well controlled studies in pregnant women
OR
No animal studies have been conducted and there are no adequate and well controlled
studies in pregnant women
• Pregnancy Risk Category D -✓✓Adequate well controlled or observation studies in
pregnant women have demonstrated a risk to the fetus
However potential benefits may outweigh the risk to the fetus. If needed in a life-
threatening situation or a serious disease, the drug may be acceptable in if safe drugs
cannot be use or are ineffective.
• Pregnancy Risk Category X -✓✓Adequate well controlled or observational studies in
animals or pregnant women have demonstrated positive evidence of fetal abnormalities
or risks
The use of the product is contraindicated in women who are or may become pregnant.
• Pregnancy Risk Category N -✓✓The drug is not classified by the FDA
• Half-life -✓✓time required for the body to eliminate 50% of a drug
, • Pharmacokinetics -✓✓study of drug transit (or activity) after administration. These
activities include absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion. Subcomponents
include transport, first-pass effect during absorption, and half-life during excretion of the
drug.
• First-pass effect -✓✓action by which an oral drug is absorbed and carried directly to
the liver, where it is inactivated by enzymes before it enters the general bloodstream.
• Pharmacodynamics -✓✓the study of the drug mechanisms that produce biochemical
or physiologic changes in the body
• What are the reasons that medication dosages may be decreased? -✓✓Liver failure
Kidney Failure
Children due to immature kidneys
Older adults dues to diminished kidney function
• What are the are the 2 main mechanisms by which a drug exerts its action? -
✓✓Alteration in cellular function - a medication has to bind to a receptor on the surface
of a cell to produce
- Agonist
-Antagonist
Alteration in cellular environment physically or chemically
• Onset -✓✓the time between administration of the drug and onset of its therapeutic
effect
• Peak -✓✓when absorption rate equals the elimination rate (not always the time of
peak response)
• Duration -✓✓length of time the drug produces a therapeutic effect
• Teratogen -✓✓drug or substance that causes abnormal development of the fetus,
leading to deformaties
• Therapeutic effect/response -✓✓the expected/wanted response from the medication
• Adverse reaction/consequence -✓✓undesirable drug effect
• Allergic reaction/hypersensitivity -✓✓immediate hypersensitive reaction by immune
system; it presents as itching, hives, swelling and difficulty breathing
• Anaphylactic shock -✓✓sudden, severe hypersensitivity reaction with symptoms that
progress rapidly and may result in death if not treated; also called anaphylactic reaction
or anaphylactoid reaction
and Answers (2026) | Comprehensive Updated
Review and Rationales | Grade A+
• What are the factors that can influence individual differences in medication responses?
-✓✓Age
Weight
Sex
Disease
Route of Administration
• Pregnancy Risk Category A -✓✓Adequate well controlled studies in pregnant women
have not shown an increased risk of fetal abnormalities to the fetus in any trimester of
pregnancy
• Pregnancy Risk Category B -✓✓Animal studies have revealed no evidence of harm to
the fetus; however there are no adequate and well controlled studies in pregnant
women
OR
Animal studies have shown an adverse effect, but adequate and well controlled studies
in pregnant women have failed to demonstrate risk to the fetus in any trimester
• Pregnancy Risk Category C -✓✓Animal studies have shown an adverse effect and
there are no adequate and well controlled studies in pregnant women
OR
No animal studies have been conducted and there are no adequate and well controlled
studies in pregnant women
• Pregnancy Risk Category D -✓✓Adequate well controlled or observation studies in
pregnant women have demonstrated a risk to the fetus
However potential benefits may outweigh the risk to the fetus. If needed in a life-
threatening situation or a serious disease, the drug may be acceptable in if safe drugs
cannot be use or are ineffective.
• Pregnancy Risk Category X -✓✓Adequate well controlled or observational studies in
animals or pregnant women have demonstrated positive evidence of fetal abnormalities
or risks
The use of the product is contraindicated in women who are or may become pregnant.
• Pregnancy Risk Category N -✓✓The drug is not classified by the FDA
• Half-life -✓✓time required for the body to eliminate 50% of a drug
, • Pharmacokinetics -✓✓study of drug transit (or activity) after administration. These
activities include absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion. Subcomponents
include transport, first-pass effect during absorption, and half-life during excretion of the
drug.
• First-pass effect -✓✓action by which an oral drug is absorbed and carried directly to
the liver, where it is inactivated by enzymes before it enters the general bloodstream.
• Pharmacodynamics -✓✓the study of the drug mechanisms that produce biochemical
or physiologic changes in the body
• What are the reasons that medication dosages may be decreased? -✓✓Liver failure
Kidney Failure
Children due to immature kidneys
Older adults dues to diminished kidney function
• What are the are the 2 main mechanisms by which a drug exerts its action? -
✓✓Alteration in cellular function - a medication has to bind to a receptor on the surface
of a cell to produce
- Agonist
-Antagonist
Alteration in cellular environment physically or chemically
• Onset -✓✓the time between administration of the drug and onset of its therapeutic
effect
• Peak -✓✓when absorption rate equals the elimination rate (not always the time of
peak response)
• Duration -✓✓length of time the drug produces a therapeutic effect
• Teratogen -✓✓drug or substance that causes abnormal development of the fetus,
leading to deformaties
• Therapeutic effect/response -✓✓the expected/wanted response from the medication
• Adverse reaction/consequence -✓✓undesirable drug effect
• Allergic reaction/hypersensitivity -✓✓immediate hypersensitive reaction by immune
system; it presents as itching, hives, swelling and difficulty breathing
• Anaphylactic shock -✓✓sudden, severe hypersensitivity reaction with symptoms that
progress rapidly and may result in death if not treated; also called anaphylactic reaction
or anaphylactoid reaction
