True or False?
a. Cellular respiration occurs in the mitochondria. (T or F)
b. The purpose of cellular respiration is to produce ATP. (T or F)
c. Integral proteins are only found on the inner surface of a cell membrane. (T or F)
d. Endocytosis is the process that occurs to eject biomacromolecules from the cell. (T or F)
e. Pinocytosis uses a signaling molecule from another cell, binding to the cell membrane to
bring about changes within the cell proteins. (T or F) - ANSWER a. True
b. True
c. False
d. False
e. False
List two organs contained in the abdominal cavity. - ANSWER The abdominal cavity con-
tains the stomach, intestines, spleen and liver
Note: Essay answers must clearly be in your own words.
Explain what happens to the epiglottis during swallowing. Why? - ANSWER During swal-
lowing the epiglottis moves inferiorly to close off and prevent aspiration by covering the tra-
chea and creating a passage for liquid, food, or bolus into the esophagus; and, preventing
these things from entering into the lungs.
You are observing two cells under the microscope. They are the same type of eukaryotic cell
but one appears much larger. Based on appearance alone, which one would you expect to
be carrying out respiration at a more active rate, the larger or smaller cell? Explain why. -
ANSWER I believe it is the smaller cell that will breathe at a more active rate because in
1
,order for respiration to occur efficiently and more actively the surface area to volume ratio is
very critical; also, if the larger surface area is present then the diffusion of gases occur at a
higher rate; so, larger cells will have a smaller surface to volume ratio and diffusion that will
occur at a slower rate creating a less active respiration; and, on the other hand smaller cells
will have a larger surface area to volume ratio and an improved diffusion rate, so the higher
rate and more active respiration.
The smaller cell. Cells need to remain relatively small because as a cell expands the amount
of surface area relative to the volume of the cell decreases. The smaller cell is more active
because relative to its volume, its surface area is larger than a bigger cell. With a larger sur-
face area (relative to its volume) this allows the metabolic processes to occur faster.
Air and food pass in which one of the following areas: - ANSWER Oropharynx
From widest to narrowest, the branches of the bronchial tree are: - ANSWER Primary
bronchi, secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchi, bronchioles
Look carefully at the diagram below. Label the following 5 organs of the digestive system.
To receive credit for the intestines you must label the specific region.
3: ___________
4: ___________
7: ___________
9: ___________
10: ___________ - ANSWER 3. Stomach
4. Gallbladder
7. Jejunum
9. Appendix
10. Rectum
Explain why someone who has hypergastrinemia (excessive secretion of gastrin) might de-
velop gastric/stomach ulcers. - ANSWER Hypergastrinemia leads to excess secretion of
2
,the gastrin hormone, which induces excess secretion of hydrochloric acid in the stomach;
and, the excess acid then acts as a protective mucousa layer causing disruption that can lead
to those ulcers.
Gastrin stimulates the secretions of pepsinogens and hydrochloric acid. Excess amounts
would lead to erosion of the stomach lining.
Note: Essay answers must clearly be in your own words.
Answer the following essay question:
Describe parietal cells and chief cells: name their location, secretions and purposes. - AN-
SWER Parietal and chief cells are located in the stomach wall and they secrete gastric
juices and mucous, secrete hormones that regulate digestive activity; also, parietal cells pro-
duce HCl in the stomach; and, chief cells secrete te enzymes pepsinogen, rennin, and gastric
lipase.
The parietal cells (located in the wall of the stomach body) secrete hydrochloric acid, gener-
ating a pH of 1.3-3.5. This very acidic pH kills many of the bacteria ingested along with food.
In addition, the low pH stops the activity of salivary amylase. The secretion of hydrochloric
acid is essential in the activation of pepsin.
Chief cells: secrete pepsinogen. Pepsinogen (a pre-enzyme) is secreted by the chief cells in
the stomach. Hydrochloric acid converts the inactive pepsinogen (secreted by the chief cells)
into the active enzyme pepsin which begins the breakdown of proteins.
Label the following bones of the skeleton from the figure below:
1: ____________
3:____________
5:____________
7: ____________
8: ____________ - ANSWER 1: Frontal bone/frontal sinuses
3: Maxilla
3
, 5: Vomer
7: Maxilla
8: Mandible
Label the bones in the figure below:
A: ____________
B: ____________
C: ____________
D: ____________
E: _____________ - ANSWER A. Pisiform
B. Hamate
C. Capitate
D. Trapezoid
E. Trapezium
A patient has a diagnosis of osteoporosis. (1) In your own words, describe this diagnosis and
(2) What type of bone cell would they be lacking? Explain your answer. - ANSWER (1) The
textbook states that osteoporosis is a bone tissue disease where the bone tissue degener-
ates faster than it is replaced making the bones weak, causing increased pain, and more
likely to fracture due to them being brittle.
(2) Furthermore, there would be a decreased number of osteoblasts, which are responsible
for bone repair; also, the bone repair would be unable to keep up with the ongoing break-
down of the bone which is responsible in the process that included the osteoblasts that take
the calcium from the blood.
Label the following five muscles:
B: _____________
C: _____________
E: _____________
4
a. Cellular respiration occurs in the mitochondria. (T or F)
b. The purpose of cellular respiration is to produce ATP. (T or F)
c. Integral proteins are only found on the inner surface of a cell membrane. (T or F)
d. Endocytosis is the process that occurs to eject biomacromolecules from the cell. (T or F)
e. Pinocytosis uses a signaling molecule from another cell, binding to the cell membrane to
bring about changes within the cell proteins. (T or F) - ANSWER a. True
b. True
c. False
d. False
e. False
List two organs contained in the abdominal cavity. - ANSWER The abdominal cavity con-
tains the stomach, intestines, spleen and liver
Note: Essay answers must clearly be in your own words.
Explain what happens to the epiglottis during swallowing. Why? - ANSWER During swal-
lowing the epiglottis moves inferiorly to close off and prevent aspiration by covering the tra-
chea and creating a passage for liquid, food, or bolus into the esophagus; and, preventing
these things from entering into the lungs.
You are observing two cells under the microscope. They are the same type of eukaryotic cell
but one appears much larger. Based on appearance alone, which one would you expect to
be carrying out respiration at a more active rate, the larger or smaller cell? Explain why. -
ANSWER I believe it is the smaller cell that will breathe at a more active rate because in
1
,order for respiration to occur efficiently and more actively the surface area to volume ratio is
very critical; also, if the larger surface area is present then the diffusion of gases occur at a
higher rate; so, larger cells will have a smaller surface to volume ratio and diffusion that will
occur at a slower rate creating a less active respiration; and, on the other hand smaller cells
will have a larger surface area to volume ratio and an improved diffusion rate, so the higher
rate and more active respiration.
The smaller cell. Cells need to remain relatively small because as a cell expands the amount
of surface area relative to the volume of the cell decreases. The smaller cell is more active
because relative to its volume, its surface area is larger than a bigger cell. With a larger sur-
face area (relative to its volume) this allows the metabolic processes to occur faster.
Air and food pass in which one of the following areas: - ANSWER Oropharynx
From widest to narrowest, the branches of the bronchial tree are: - ANSWER Primary
bronchi, secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchi, bronchioles
Look carefully at the diagram below. Label the following 5 organs of the digestive system.
To receive credit for the intestines you must label the specific region.
3: ___________
4: ___________
7: ___________
9: ___________
10: ___________ - ANSWER 3. Stomach
4. Gallbladder
7. Jejunum
9. Appendix
10. Rectum
Explain why someone who has hypergastrinemia (excessive secretion of gastrin) might de-
velop gastric/stomach ulcers. - ANSWER Hypergastrinemia leads to excess secretion of
2
,the gastrin hormone, which induces excess secretion of hydrochloric acid in the stomach;
and, the excess acid then acts as a protective mucousa layer causing disruption that can lead
to those ulcers.
Gastrin stimulates the secretions of pepsinogens and hydrochloric acid. Excess amounts
would lead to erosion of the stomach lining.
Note: Essay answers must clearly be in your own words.
Answer the following essay question:
Describe parietal cells and chief cells: name their location, secretions and purposes. - AN-
SWER Parietal and chief cells are located in the stomach wall and they secrete gastric
juices and mucous, secrete hormones that regulate digestive activity; also, parietal cells pro-
duce HCl in the stomach; and, chief cells secrete te enzymes pepsinogen, rennin, and gastric
lipase.
The parietal cells (located in the wall of the stomach body) secrete hydrochloric acid, gener-
ating a pH of 1.3-3.5. This very acidic pH kills many of the bacteria ingested along with food.
In addition, the low pH stops the activity of salivary amylase. The secretion of hydrochloric
acid is essential in the activation of pepsin.
Chief cells: secrete pepsinogen. Pepsinogen (a pre-enzyme) is secreted by the chief cells in
the stomach. Hydrochloric acid converts the inactive pepsinogen (secreted by the chief cells)
into the active enzyme pepsin which begins the breakdown of proteins.
Label the following bones of the skeleton from the figure below:
1: ____________
3:____________
5:____________
7: ____________
8: ____________ - ANSWER 1: Frontal bone/frontal sinuses
3: Maxilla
3
, 5: Vomer
7: Maxilla
8: Mandible
Label the bones in the figure below:
A: ____________
B: ____________
C: ____________
D: ____________
E: _____________ - ANSWER A. Pisiform
B. Hamate
C. Capitate
D. Trapezoid
E. Trapezium
A patient has a diagnosis of osteoporosis. (1) In your own words, describe this diagnosis and
(2) What type of bone cell would they be lacking? Explain your answer. - ANSWER (1) The
textbook states that osteoporosis is a bone tissue disease where the bone tissue degener-
ates faster than it is replaced making the bones weak, causing increased pain, and more
likely to fracture due to them being brittle.
(2) Furthermore, there would be a decreased number of osteoblasts, which are responsible
for bone repair; also, the bone repair would be unable to keep up with the ongoing break-
down of the bone which is responsible in the process that included the osteoblasts that take
the calcium from the blood.
Label the following five muscles:
B: _____________
C: _____________
E: _____________
4
