BIO 250L EXAM STUDY GUIDE QUESTIONS
AND SOLUTIONS 100 PERCENT CORRECT
VERIFIED ANSWERS
●● Germ theory
Answer: The idea that microorganisms cause disease and do not appear
randomly from nonliving matter.
●● Pasteur's swan-neck flask experiment
Answer: Helped disprove spontaneous generation by showing microbes
came from contamination, not 'life force.'
●● Scientific method steps
Answer: Observation/question -> research -> hypothesis -> experiment -
> analyze data -> report conclusions.
●● Prokaryote
Answer: A unicellular organism with no nucleus; usually has circular
DNA.
●● Eukaryote
Answer: An organism with a nucleus; can be unicellular or multicellular;
usually has linear DNA.
,●● Virus
Answer: An acellular infectious particle that requires a host cell to
reproduce.
●● Acellular
Answer: Not made of cells.
●● Microbial size order
Answer: Viruses < prokaryotes < eukaryotes.
●● Coccus
Answer: Round-shaped bacterium.
●● Bacillus
Answer: Rod-shaped bacterium.
●● Spirillum
Answer: Spiral-shaped bacterium.
●● Diplococci
Answer: Cocci arranged in pairs.
,●● Streptococci
Answer: Cocci arranged in chains.
●● Staphylococci
Answer: Cocci arranged in clusters.
●● Streptobacilli
Answer: Bacilli arranged in chains.
●● Capsule
Answer: Protective outer layer that helps bacteria adhere to surfaces and
avoid immune defenses.
●● Nucleoid
Answer: The region in a prokaryote where the bacterial chromosome is
located.
●● Plasmid
Answer: Small circular DNA that may carry genes for virulence or
antibiotic resistance.
●● Prokaryotic ribosome
, Answer: 70S ribosome made of 50S + 30S subunits.
●● Eukaryotic ribosome
Answer: 80S ribosome made of 60S + 40S subunits.
●● Plasma membrane
Answer: Controls what enters and leaves the cell.
●● Cell wall
Answer: Provides shape and protection.
●● Peptidoglycan
Answer: A cell wall molecule made of sugars and amino acids.
●● Gram-positive bacteria
Answer: Bacteria with thick peptidoglycan and teichoic acids.
●● Gram-negative bacteria
Answer: Bacteria with thin peptidoglycan and an outer membrane
containing LPS.
●● LPS
AND SOLUTIONS 100 PERCENT CORRECT
VERIFIED ANSWERS
●● Germ theory
Answer: The idea that microorganisms cause disease and do not appear
randomly from nonliving matter.
●● Pasteur's swan-neck flask experiment
Answer: Helped disprove spontaneous generation by showing microbes
came from contamination, not 'life force.'
●● Scientific method steps
Answer: Observation/question -> research -> hypothesis -> experiment -
> analyze data -> report conclusions.
●● Prokaryote
Answer: A unicellular organism with no nucleus; usually has circular
DNA.
●● Eukaryote
Answer: An organism with a nucleus; can be unicellular or multicellular;
usually has linear DNA.
,●● Virus
Answer: An acellular infectious particle that requires a host cell to
reproduce.
●● Acellular
Answer: Not made of cells.
●● Microbial size order
Answer: Viruses < prokaryotes < eukaryotes.
●● Coccus
Answer: Round-shaped bacterium.
●● Bacillus
Answer: Rod-shaped bacterium.
●● Spirillum
Answer: Spiral-shaped bacterium.
●● Diplococci
Answer: Cocci arranged in pairs.
,●● Streptococci
Answer: Cocci arranged in chains.
●● Staphylococci
Answer: Cocci arranged in clusters.
●● Streptobacilli
Answer: Bacilli arranged in chains.
●● Capsule
Answer: Protective outer layer that helps bacteria adhere to surfaces and
avoid immune defenses.
●● Nucleoid
Answer: The region in a prokaryote where the bacterial chromosome is
located.
●● Plasmid
Answer: Small circular DNA that may carry genes for virulence or
antibiotic resistance.
●● Prokaryotic ribosome
, Answer: 70S ribosome made of 50S + 30S subunits.
●● Eukaryotic ribosome
Answer: 80S ribosome made of 60S + 40S subunits.
●● Plasma membrane
Answer: Controls what enters and leaves the cell.
●● Cell wall
Answer: Provides shape and protection.
●● Peptidoglycan
Answer: A cell wall molecule made of sugars and amino acids.
●● Gram-positive bacteria
Answer: Bacteria with thick peptidoglycan and teichoic acids.
●● Gram-negative bacteria
Answer: Bacteria with thin peptidoglycan and an outer membrane
containing LPS.
●● LPS
