Laboratory Animal Technology Lecture Final Review -
Breeding and Reproduction, Euthanasia, Research
Methodology, Genetics, Nonhuman Primates, and Diseases
Ultimate General Exam Study Guide
2026/2027
⭐ Complete Questions with Correct Detailed Answers |
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Prepare with confidence using this Ultimate General Exam Study Guide (2026/2027
Edition)—a comprehensive and easy-to-follow resource designed to help students and
professionals improve understanding, strengthen knowledge, and succeed in exams.
This guide includes complete exam questions with correct detailed answers, carefully
organized to cover important and frequently tested topics. Each answer is supported with clear
explanations to help reinforce learning, simplify difficult concepts, and improve exam readiness.
Whether you are preparing weeks in advance or doing last-minute revision, this study guide
provides a structured and effective way to review key material and practice exam-style
questions.
🔥 Key Highlights
✔ Complete exam questions covering essential topics
✔ Correct answers with detailed explanations
✔ Focused review of commonly tested concepts
✔ Simple and organized layout for quick revision
✔ Latest updated version (2026/2027) for accurate preparation
🚀 Why This Study Guide Is Effective
This resource is designed to help students:
,• Improve understanding of important concepts
• Practice with realistic exam-style questions
• Identify weak areas and strengthen knowledge
• Build confidence before exams
• Study smarter and save preparation time
🎯 Ideal For
• Final exam preparation
• Midterm reviews
• Certification and licensing exams
• Self-study and revision sessions
• Improving overall academic performance
📚 A reliable and practical study companion designed to help you prepare efficiently, stay
confident, and achieve better exam results.
Genes (Made up of DNA and chromosomes)
Sets of instructions that determine what traits can be expressed in the animal
Chromosomes
Long, paired structures found in the cell's nucleus
Diploid
Two copies of a chromosome in a cell
Haploid (i.e sperm and egg)
One copy of a chromosome in a cell
Locus
The specific location of a gene on a chromosome
Alleles (Variant form of a gene)
Different forms of the same gene at a given locus
Nucleotides
Long strands of DNA are made up of molecules called
Homozygous (Alleles are the same)
When both genes of a pair are the same for that gene
Heterozygous (Alleles are different)
When genes at the same locus on a chromosome are different
Hemizygous (Only one allele)
Describes the presence of only a single copy of the gene in an otherwise diploid
organism, sex-linked genes, or transgenic insertions
,Wild type
The research animal does not contain the allele that the investigator is interested in
Null
A gene is absent or turned off due to a mutation that blocks the gene's expression
Punnett square
A diagram used to show all possible ways that offspring can inherit an allele from each
parent
Dominate/dominate trait (Homozygote dominate)
What does MM on the punnett square represent?
Dominate/recessive trait (Heterozygote)
What does Mn on the punnett square represent?
Recessive/recessive trait (Homozygote recessive)
What does mm on the punnett square represent?
Zygote
A fertilized egg
Linked genes (i.e linking of the recessive genes for albino coats and pink eyes on
mouse chromosome 7. When mice inherit this allele for white fur, they will always
have pink eyes.)
Located adjacent to one another on the same chromosome, and tend to be inherited
together
Phenotype (i.e size, height, coat color, four compartment stomach in ruminants)
Physical and physiological characteristics that are the sum of an animal's genetic
makeup and environmental influences
False! Influenced by both genes and environmental factors.
True or false? Phenotype is influenced entirely by the animal's genes.
Genotype
Refers to how the genes code the information for the body's structure
Breeding scheme (i.e inbred versus outbred)
Refers to the plan for producing a colony with a desired genetic makeup
True! A strain is established after 20 generations of brother-to-sister matings.
True or false? Inbreeding produces animals with minimal genetic variation.
Inbred mice strains
C57BL/6, DBA/2, C3H, and BALB/c are examples of
Inbred rat strains
Fisher 344, Brown Norway, ACI and Lewis are examples of
Foundation colony
Consists of the original animals with the desired DNA who are bred to establish an
expansion colony
Expansion colony
Founders are inbred to establish which type of colony?
Production colony
The animals actually used in research studies generated through inbreeding of an
expansion colony
Inbreeding
Foundation, expansion, and production colonies are related to which breeding scheme?
Outbreeding
, The result is a maximum number of genetic differences among the animals in the colony
Outbred mice strains
CF1, ICR, and Swiss Websters are examples of
Outbred rat strains
Sprague Dawley, Long-Evans, and Wistar are examples of
True!
True or false? Outbred females also are often better mothers.
Line breeding
Breeding scheme in which animals with similar desirable characteristics share one or a
few common distant ancestors
Cross breeding
The mating of animals of different breeds, such as the mating of a German Shepherd to
a Labrador Retriever
Mutation
If a gene is damaged or changed the gene will be expressed differently
Transgenic (i.e Alzheimer's and Beta-amyloid)
A gene is added via pronuclear injection in order to "over express" the gene
Knockout (i.e studies in cancer, obesity, aging, diabetes, Parkinson's disease)
Animal contains an altered gene that has been designed to "turn off" or prevent a
specific gene from being expressed
"Knockin" mice
Animal contains new DNA that has been designed to change a specific gene
Hybrid
Crossing two inbred strains together resulting in F1 mice
Recombinant inbreeding (Helpful in genetic assessments)
Produced by crossing mice from different inbred progenitor strains or F2 mice
Coisogenic breeding
Differ from original strain only in one gene, in which a spontaneous mutation occurred
Congenic breeding
Produced by repeated backcrosses to an inbred or background strain, with selection for
a particular marker from the donor strain
Hybrid breeding
Frequently used to transfer a desired mutation from one strain to another
Coisogenic
Ideal for studying effects of one single manipulated gene while all other genes remain
identical
Congenic
Used to determine how the genetic make-up of an individual influences the expression
of a single gene
Intensive breeding
Male mouse remains with the female(s) continuously to reduce aggression, and
encourage all adults to participate in caring for the litter
• Maximizes number of litters per female
• Postpartum estrus allows female to be bred again
• Labor requirements are lower because animals are not removed from the cage
• Record-keeping is simplified
Breeding and Reproduction, Euthanasia, Research
Methodology, Genetics, Nonhuman Primates, and Diseases
Ultimate General Exam Study Guide
2026/2027
⭐ Complete Questions with Correct Detailed Answers |
Latest Updated Version | Exam Success Resource
Prepare with confidence using this Ultimate General Exam Study Guide (2026/2027
Edition)—a comprehensive and easy-to-follow resource designed to help students and
professionals improve understanding, strengthen knowledge, and succeed in exams.
This guide includes complete exam questions with correct detailed answers, carefully
organized to cover important and frequently tested topics. Each answer is supported with clear
explanations to help reinforce learning, simplify difficult concepts, and improve exam readiness.
Whether you are preparing weeks in advance or doing last-minute revision, this study guide
provides a structured and effective way to review key material and practice exam-style
questions.
🔥 Key Highlights
✔ Complete exam questions covering essential topics
✔ Correct answers with detailed explanations
✔ Focused review of commonly tested concepts
✔ Simple and organized layout for quick revision
✔ Latest updated version (2026/2027) for accurate preparation
🚀 Why This Study Guide Is Effective
This resource is designed to help students:
,• Improve understanding of important concepts
• Practice with realistic exam-style questions
• Identify weak areas and strengthen knowledge
• Build confidence before exams
• Study smarter and save preparation time
🎯 Ideal For
• Final exam preparation
• Midterm reviews
• Certification and licensing exams
• Self-study and revision sessions
• Improving overall academic performance
📚 A reliable and practical study companion designed to help you prepare efficiently, stay
confident, and achieve better exam results.
Genes (Made up of DNA and chromosomes)
Sets of instructions that determine what traits can be expressed in the animal
Chromosomes
Long, paired structures found in the cell's nucleus
Diploid
Two copies of a chromosome in a cell
Haploid (i.e sperm and egg)
One copy of a chromosome in a cell
Locus
The specific location of a gene on a chromosome
Alleles (Variant form of a gene)
Different forms of the same gene at a given locus
Nucleotides
Long strands of DNA are made up of molecules called
Homozygous (Alleles are the same)
When both genes of a pair are the same for that gene
Heterozygous (Alleles are different)
When genes at the same locus on a chromosome are different
Hemizygous (Only one allele)
Describes the presence of only a single copy of the gene in an otherwise diploid
organism, sex-linked genes, or transgenic insertions
,Wild type
The research animal does not contain the allele that the investigator is interested in
Null
A gene is absent or turned off due to a mutation that blocks the gene's expression
Punnett square
A diagram used to show all possible ways that offspring can inherit an allele from each
parent
Dominate/dominate trait (Homozygote dominate)
What does MM on the punnett square represent?
Dominate/recessive trait (Heterozygote)
What does Mn on the punnett square represent?
Recessive/recessive trait (Homozygote recessive)
What does mm on the punnett square represent?
Zygote
A fertilized egg
Linked genes (i.e linking of the recessive genes for albino coats and pink eyes on
mouse chromosome 7. When mice inherit this allele for white fur, they will always
have pink eyes.)
Located adjacent to one another on the same chromosome, and tend to be inherited
together
Phenotype (i.e size, height, coat color, four compartment stomach in ruminants)
Physical and physiological characteristics that are the sum of an animal's genetic
makeup and environmental influences
False! Influenced by both genes and environmental factors.
True or false? Phenotype is influenced entirely by the animal's genes.
Genotype
Refers to how the genes code the information for the body's structure
Breeding scheme (i.e inbred versus outbred)
Refers to the plan for producing a colony with a desired genetic makeup
True! A strain is established after 20 generations of brother-to-sister matings.
True or false? Inbreeding produces animals with minimal genetic variation.
Inbred mice strains
C57BL/6, DBA/2, C3H, and BALB/c are examples of
Inbred rat strains
Fisher 344, Brown Norway, ACI and Lewis are examples of
Foundation colony
Consists of the original animals with the desired DNA who are bred to establish an
expansion colony
Expansion colony
Founders are inbred to establish which type of colony?
Production colony
The animals actually used in research studies generated through inbreeding of an
expansion colony
Inbreeding
Foundation, expansion, and production colonies are related to which breeding scheme?
Outbreeding
, The result is a maximum number of genetic differences among the animals in the colony
Outbred mice strains
CF1, ICR, and Swiss Websters are examples of
Outbred rat strains
Sprague Dawley, Long-Evans, and Wistar are examples of
True!
True or false? Outbred females also are often better mothers.
Line breeding
Breeding scheme in which animals with similar desirable characteristics share one or a
few common distant ancestors
Cross breeding
The mating of animals of different breeds, such as the mating of a German Shepherd to
a Labrador Retriever
Mutation
If a gene is damaged or changed the gene will be expressed differently
Transgenic (i.e Alzheimer's and Beta-amyloid)
A gene is added via pronuclear injection in order to "over express" the gene
Knockout (i.e studies in cancer, obesity, aging, diabetes, Parkinson's disease)
Animal contains an altered gene that has been designed to "turn off" or prevent a
specific gene from being expressed
"Knockin" mice
Animal contains new DNA that has been designed to change a specific gene
Hybrid
Crossing two inbred strains together resulting in F1 mice
Recombinant inbreeding (Helpful in genetic assessments)
Produced by crossing mice from different inbred progenitor strains or F2 mice
Coisogenic breeding
Differ from original strain only in one gene, in which a spontaneous mutation occurred
Congenic breeding
Produced by repeated backcrosses to an inbred or background strain, with selection for
a particular marker from the donor strain
Hybrid breeding
Frequently used to transfer a desired mutation from one strain to another
Coisogenic
Ideal for studying effects of one single manipulated gene while all other genes remain
identical
Congenic
Used to determine how the genetic make-up of an individual influences the expression
of a single gene
Intensive breeding
Male mouse remains with the female(s) continuously to reduce aggression, and
encourage all adults to participate in caring for the litter
• Maximizes number of litters per female
• Postpartum estrus allows female to be bred again
• Labor requirements are lower because animals are not removed from the cage
• Record-keeping is simplified
