Samenvatting DLB
Hoorcollege’s
HC 1 – Introduction to the course
Setup course:
10 lectures; 9 online
1 MC exam on campus; 80%
Grades presentation online; 20%
Development of a child:
How does a child develop from a lump of cells to a full grown baby?
Prenatal development: first part of development in the womb.
Development of the brain; an important and complex organ that mostly
develops after birth.
Genetics: nature vs. nurture: what traits are inherited or are shaped by
the environment, how doe genetics work, how to calculate heritability?
Perceptual development: how do we interact with our environment and
how do we perceive the environment?
Motor development: how do we learn to walk/crawl or pick something
up?
Cognitive development: how does attention span develop, how do we
see something from a different perspective?
Learning: how do we learn, what do we need to learn, what are good
ways to learn? (operate) conditioning reward and punishment
Intelligence and academic achievement: is it inheritable or not, how
do we measure intelligence, what environmental factors determine
intelligence?
Language development: how do we learn words, sentences, how to talk,
what if your parents speak more than 1 language?
HC 2 – Prenatal development
WEIRD science:
Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, Democratic
What we know is about development is based on what is known right now
largely based on WEIRD science
Individual developmental pathways differ per person
Participants are not representative can’t generalize to humans as a
whole.
How we perceive things is not biological determined/universal
For instance (F.I.): Müller-Lyer illusion:
o Most WEIRD participants perceive line B longer
o Answers different per cultures angular structures that are present
in cultures
, If there are more straight angles in you environment, you are
more attuned to these features to gain depth.
We know little about development in non-WEIRD individuals we must be
careful with comparing and generalizing our knowledge, we should include
more diverse samples.
The processes that shape development are shaped by continuous
interactions between various systems in us and our environment
What is development?
A specific type of change
Qualitative: not how much, but something what is there changes
o F.I: not the amount of cells, but the type of cells that change
Sequential: some changes precede others for certain development to
take place
Cumulative: one developmental stage can build on other stages
Directional: progressive or regressive things can be build up or broken
down
Multifactorial: not 1 factor determining the course, but multiple factors
are involved and interact
Individual: unique for each human, depicted as milestones. The ages for
certain stages or the order of milestones can differ.
Global developmental patterns can be distinguished, but individual
pathways are unique
The start of development of a new baby starts when it’s mother is 20 weeks old
and still developing in the womb, because the female egg cells develop in the
embryo.
Cell division:
Each cell contains full complement of genetic material the biological
blueprint/instruction manual that tells a cell what to be/to do
This information is described in our genes these are organized in 23
pairs of chromosomes: 23 from your mother & 23 from your father.
Mitosis: all genetic material is copied and then separated in 2 full sets.
After cell division, the resulting 2 cells each contain an identical full copy of
your entire genetic code.
o
Meiosis: all genetic material is copied, then the mom-dad pairs of
chromosomes exchange genetic information between each other:
, Crossing over. Then a first split, and another split resulting in 4 new cells
that each contain different combination of genetic code.
o Each of these 4 new cells contain only half of the blueprint, the
other half will be delivered by the other gamete when the egg cell is
fertilized by a sperm cell.
o
This type of cell division is the basis for genetic variation the genetic
basis for individual differences in all kinds of development explanation
for interaction between nature and nurture.
o Monozygotic twins: single zygote (fertilized egg cell), exact same
genetic material helps us grasp how environmental factors can
influence gene expression
o Dizygotic twins: different zygotes and not identical
4 developmental processes crucial for development:
1. Mitosis (normal cell division): after mitosis you have 2 identical cells
2. Cell migration: cells go to their designated position some are pushed
away by new cells, some actively migrate to new positions, some pull
themselves in a new position.
3. Cell differentiation:
o the zygote starts to divide rapidly first all the cells in the lump of
cells (Marula) are the same and can become any part of the baby
not yet specialized, but totipotent.
o The number of cells increase, but the size of the Marula does not
change pressure is created and triggers the first type of cell
differentiation.
o Some cells become blastocyst cells: part of placenta, others
become the inner cell mass cells no longer totipotent, but
pluripotent: they can become any type of tissue in the human
body.
o What the cells become (how they will differentiate) depends on the
neurochemical signals they receive during development once
they are specialized in their final form, they can’t change.
, o
4. Apoptosis: programmed cell death
o F.I: the cells connecting the fingers/toes die off and disappear so that
the loose fingers/toes emerge
5. These 4 processes are important for prenatal development, but not the full
story.
Fetus in the womb:
Lots of stimulation/influences on the fetus while in the womb
Around 10 weeks a fetus can detect pressure (muscles, joints, skin)
Around 13 weeks a fetus can detect movements of the mother
Around 20 weeks a fetus can light (before opening their eyes)
Around 26 weeks a fetus can detect sounds
Around 26-28 weeks a fetus can detect smell and taste (what their mom
ate/drank)
A fetus learns from all these experiences F.I: preference for their mom’s
voice and diet
Around 5-6 weeks: simple movements (bending head and spine)
Around 8-9 weeks: startle-like movements (hiccups/burping reflex)
Around 10 weeks: variety of independent limb movement (stretch & flex)
Around 10-11 weeks: independent head and breathing movements
Around 11-12 weeks: yawn, suck, swallow amnionic fluid
Around 14 weeks: non-random movements, 66% directed towards objects
Around 20 weeks: movements with all parts of the face
Around 25 weeks: opening & closing eyes.
Function of fetal movement:
Swallowing oropharyngeal cavity (shuts off windpipe), lungs, digestive
system
Body movements muscles, bones, joints skin
o When movements in uterus stop for a period of time the system will
defect; muscles not fully formed, abnormalities in skin, fused joints
Influences on prenatal development:
Hoorcollege’s
HC 1 – Introduction to the course
Setup course:
10 lectures; 9 online
1 MC exam on campus; 80%
Grades presentation online; 20%
Development of a child:
How does a child develop from a lump of cells to a full grown baby?
Prenatal development: first part of development in the womb.
Development of the brain; an important and complex organ that mostly
develops after birth.
Genetics: nature vs. nurture: what traits are inherited or are shaped by
the environment, how doe genetics work, how to calculate heritability?
Perceptual development: how do we interact with our environment and
how do we perceive the environment?
Motor development: how do we learn to walk/crawl or pick something
up?
Cognitive development: how does attention span develop, how do we
see something from a different perspective?
Learning: how do we learn, what do we need to learn, what are good
ways to learn? (operate) conditioning reward and punishment
Intelligence and academic achievement: is it inheritable or not, how
do we measure intelligence, what environmental factors determine
intelligence?
Language development: how do we learn words, sentences, how to talk,
what if your parents speak more than 1 language?
HC 2 – Prenatal development
WEIRD science:
Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, Democratic
What we know is about development is based on what is known right now
largely based on WEIRD science
Individual developmental pathways differ per person
Participants are not representative can’t generalize to humans as a
whole.
How we perceive things is not biological determined/universal
For instance (F.I.): Müller-Lyer illusion:
o Most WEIRD participants perceive line B longer
o Answers different per cultures angular structures that are present
in cultures
, If there are more straight angles in you environment, you are
more attuned to these features to gain depth.
We know little about development in non-WEIRD individuals we must be
careful with comparing and generalizing our knowledge, we should include
more diverse samples.
The processes that shape development are shaped by continuous
interactions between various systems in us and our environment
What is development?
A specific type of change
Qualitative: not how much, but something what is there changes
o F.I: not the amount of cells, but the type of cells that change
Sequential: some changes precede others for certain development to
take place
Cumulative: one developmental stage can build on other stages
Directional: progressive or regressive things can be build up or broken
down
Multifactorial: not 1 factor determining the course, but multiple factors
are involved and interact
Individual: unique for each human, depicted as milestones. The ages for
certain stages or the order of milestones can differ.
Global developmental patterns can be distinguished, but individual
pathways are unique
The start of development of a new baby starts when it’s mother is 20 weeks old
and still developing in the womb, because the female egg cells develop in the
embryo.
Cell division:
Each cell contains full complement of genetic material the biological
blueprint/instruction manual that tells a cell what to be/to do
This information is described in our genes these are organized in 23
pairs of chromosomes: 23 from your mother & 23 from your father.
Mitosis: all genetic material is copied and then separated in 2 full sets.
After cell division, the resulting 2 cells each contain an identical full copy of
your entire genetic code.
o
Meiosis: all genetic material is copied, then the mom-dad pairs of
chromosomes exchange genetic information between each other:
, Crossing over. Then a first split, and another split resulting in 4 new cells
that each contain different combination of genetic code.
o Each of these 4 new cells contain only half of the blueprint, the
other half will be delivered by the other gamete when the egg cell is
fertilized by a sperm cell.
o
This type of cell division is the basis for genetic variation the genetic
basis for individual differences in all kinds of development explanation
for interaction between nature and nurture.
o Monozygotic twins: single zygote (fertilized egg cell), exact same
genetic material helps us grasp how environmental factors can
influence gene expression
o Dizygotic twins: different zygotes and not identical
4 developmental processes crucial for development:
1. Mitosis (normal cell division): after mitosis you have 2 identical cells
2. Cell migration: cells go to their designated position some are pushed
away by new cells, some actively migrate to new positions, some pull
themselves in a new position.
3. Cell differentiation:
o the zygote starts to divide rapidly first all the cells in the lump of
cells (Marula) are the same and can become any part of the baby
not yet specialized, but totipotent.
o The number of cells increase, but the size of the Marula does not
change pressure is created and triggers the first type of cell
differentiation.
o Some cells become blastocyst cells: part of placenta, others
become the inner cell mass cells no longer totipotent, but
pluripotent: they can become any type of tissue in the human
body.
o What the cells become (how they will differentiate) depends on the
neurochemical signals they receive during development once
they are specialized in their final form, they can’t change.
, o
4. Apoptosis: programmed cell death
o F.I: the cells connecting the fingers/toes die off and disappear so that
the loose fingers/toes emerge
5. These 4 processes are important for prenatal development, but not the full
story.
Fetus in the womb:
Lots of stimulation/influences on the fetus while in the womb
Around 10 weeks a fetus can detect pressure (muscles, joints, skin)
Around 13 weeks a fetus can detect movements of the mother
Around 20 weeks a fetus can light (before opening their eyes)
Around 26 weeks a fetus can detect sounds
Around 26-28 weeks a fetus can detect smell and taste (what their mom
ate/drank)
A fetus learns from all these experiences F.I: preference for their mom’s
voice and diet
Around 5-6 weeks: simple movements (bending head and spine)
Around 8-9 weeks: startle-like movements (hiccups/burping reflex)
Around 10 weeks: variety of independent limb movement (stretch & flex)
Around 10-11 weeks: independent head and breathing movements
Around 11-12 weeks: yawn, suck, swallow amnionic fluid
Around 14 weeks: non-random movements, 66% directed towards objects
Around 20 weeks: movements with all parts of the face
Around 25 weeks: opening & closing eyes.
Function of fetal movement:
Swallowing oropharyngeal cavity (shuts off windpipe), lungs, digestive
system
Body movements muscles, bones, joints skin
o When movements in uterus stop for a period of time the system will
defect; muscles not fully formed, abnormalities in skin, fused joints
Influences on prenatal development:
