Neurobiology exam 3 Ultimate General Exam
Study Guide 2026/2027
⭐ Complete Questions with Correct Detailed Answers |
Latest Updated Version | Exam Success Resource
Prepare with confidence using this Ultimate General Exam Study Guide (2026/2027
Edition)—a comprehensive and easy-to-follow resource designed to help students and
professionals improve understanding, strengthen knowledge, and succeed in exams.
This guide includes complete exam questions with correct detailed answers, carefully
organized to cover important and frequently tested topics. Each answer is supported with clear
explanations to help reinforce learning, simplify difficult concepts, and improve exam readiness.
Whether you are preparing weeks in advance or doing last-minute revision, this study guide
provides a structured and effective way to review key material and practice exam-style
questions.
🔥 Key Highlights
✔ Complete exam questions covering essential topics
✔ Correct answers with detailed explanations
✔ Focused review of commonly tested concepts
✔ Simple and organized layout for quick revision
✔ Latest updated version (2026/2027) for accurate preparation
🚀 Why This Study Guide Is Effective
This resource is designed to help students:
• Improve understanding of important concepts
• Practice with realistic exam-style questions
• Identify weak areas and strengthen knowledge
• Build confidence before exams
• Study smarter and save preparation time
,🎯 Ideal For
• Final exam preparation
• Midterm reviews
• Certification and licensing exams
• Self-study and revision sessions
• Improving overall academic performance
📚 A reliable and practical study companion designed to help you prepare efficiently, stay
confident, and achieve better exam results.
cognitive control
flexibly adapting behavior according to current goals and context, synonymous with
executive functions, implemented by prefrontal cortex
3 core executive functions:
1. cognitive flexibility
2. inhibitory control
3. working memory
inhibitory control:
response inhibition, resisting impulses, selective attention
working memory
holding information in mind and manipulating it, information not perceptually present
Cognitive Flexibility
set shifting, thinking "outside the box"
differences of anterior-posterior in prefrontal cortex
anterior: abstract goals
posterior: concrete goals, closly linked to actions
differences of dorsal-ventral differences in prefrontal cortex
dorsal: where or how
ventral: what
differences of medial-lateral differences in prefrontal cortex
medial: hot and value related
lateral: cold and cognitive
Prefrontal cortex integrates and synthesizes information from what sources, and
guides information flow through the brian how
sensory, motor, and other coritical areas, guides through top-down of sensory info
long term memory
, -stable information storage over long intervals
-large storage capacity
phonological working memory:
Holds recently heard or internally generated auditory information for 2s or while
rehearsed
two basic parts of phonological working memory, and 2 proposed functions
2 basic parts: speech/acoustic store, subvocaal articulatory rehearsal process
proposed functions: faciliate langauge acquisition, control behavior through self-
instruction
visuo-spatial working memory (visuo-spatial sketchpad):
holds limited amount of visual information while you attend to it
-survives eye movements
-different from visual iconic memory (has visual representation for up to around 300 ms)
2 proposed functions of it visuo-spatial sketchpad
1. maintain continuity across eye movement
2. create and maintain images when imaging or describing an object or scene
baddeley and hitch model of working memory
-multi component model of working memory
-has a control system: central exective
-2 storage systems: visuo-spatial sketchpad and phonological loop
prefrontal cortex
Originally thought to represent visual content during working memory
- Recent evidence suggests PFC does not directly represent visual content
- Instead, PFC provides top-down influence over representations in visual cortex
PFC controls what visual content represented in visual cortex is in working memory
Posterior parietal cortex (PPC):
Evidence suggests PPC may represent content of visuo spatial working memory
However, there have been studies suggesting PPC may provide top down signals
-bridges sensory inputs (vision, touch) with motor planning, controlling spatial
awareness, attention, and decision-making.
Visual cortex and inferior temporal (IT) cortex:
- Has neural structures to represent and store, detailed visual content
- Growing evidence supports role of (more anterior) visual areas in working memory
pfc and temporo-parietal junction are which brodmann areas
pfc: 44
t: 40
what does it mean by delayed-response task for testing working memory
a subject is shown a stimulus (sample), followed by a blank interval (delay), and then
asked to choose or recall that stimulus from alternatives. working memory maintains
locaton of sample during delay period
Single-neuron recordings from lateral
prefrontal cortex of macaque monkeys shows what
monkeys performed delayed-response task
feeback connections vs recurrent neural networks
feedback connections: allows actitivty to flow in a loop
recurrent: any network with neurons that send feedback signals to each other
Study Guide 2026/2027
⭐ Complete Questions with Correct Detailed Answers |
Latest Updated Version | Exam Success Resource
Prepare with confidence using this Ultimate General Exam Study Guide (2026/2027
Edition)—a comprehensive and easy-to-follow resource designed to help students and
professionals improve understanding, strengthen knowledge, and succeed in exams.
This guide includes complete exam questions with correct detailed answers, carefully
organized to cover important and frequently tested topics. Each answer is supported with clear
explanations to help reinforce learning, simplify difficult concepts, and improve exam readiness.
Whether you are preparing weeks in advance or doing last-minute revision, this study guide
provides a structured and effective way to review key material and practice exam-style
questions.
🔥 Key Highlights
✔ Complete exam questions covering essential topics
✔ Correct answers with detailed explanations
✔ Focused review of commonly tested concepts
✔ Simple and organized layout for quick revision
✔ Latest updated version (2026/2027) for accurate preparation
🚀 Why This Study Guide Is Effective
This resource is designed to help students:
• Improve understanding of important concepts
• Practice with realistic exam-style questions
• Identify weak areas and strengthen knowledge
• Build confidence before exams
• Study smarter and save preparation time
,🎯 Ideal For
• Final exam preparation
• Midterm reviews
• Certification and licensing exams
• Self-study and revision sessions
• Improving overall academic performance
📚 A reliable and practical study companion designed to help you prepare efficiently, stay
confident, and achieve better exam results.
cognitive control
flexibly adapting behavior according to current goals and context, synonymous with
executive functions, implemented by prefrontal cortex
3 core executive functions:
1. cognitive flexibility
2. inhibitory control
3. working memory
inhibitory control:
response inhibition, resisting impulses, selective attention
working memory
holding information in mind and manipulating it, information not perceptually present
Cognitive Flexibility
set shifting, thinking "outside the box"
differences of anterior-posterior in prefrontal cortex
anterior: abstract goals
posterior: concrete goals, closly linked to actions
differences of dorsal-ventral differences in prefrontal cortex
dorsal: where or how
ventral: what
differences of medial-lateral differences in prefrontal cortex
medial: hot and value related
lateral: cold and cognitive
Prefrontal cortex integrates and synthesizes information from what sources, and
guides information flow through the brian how
sensory, motor, and other coritical areas, guides through top-down of sensory info
long term memory
, -stable information storage over long intervals
-large storage capacity
phonological working memory:
Holds recently heard or internally generated auditory information for 2s or while
rehearsed
two basic parts of phonological working memory, and 2 proposed functions
2 basic parts: speech/acoustic store, subvocaal articulatory rehearsal process
proposed functions: faciliate langauge acquisition, control behavior through self-
instruction
visuo-spatial working memory (visuo-spatial sketchpad):
holds limited amount of visual information while you attend to it
-survives eye movements
-different from visual iconic memory (has visual representation for up to around 300 ms)
2 proposed functions of it visuo-spatial sketchpad
1. maintain continuity across eye movement
2. create and maintain images when imaging or describing an object or scene
baddeley and hitch model of working memory
-multi component model of working memory
-has a control system: central exective
-2 storage systems: visuo-spatial sketchpad and phonological loop
prefrontal cortex
Originally thought to represent visual content during working memory
- Recent evidence suggests PFC does not directly represent visual content
- Instead, PFC provides top-down influence over representations in visual cortex
PFC controls what visual content represented in visual cortex is in working memory
Posterior parietal cortex (PPC):
Evidence suggests PPC may represent content of visuo spatial working memory
However, there have been studies suggesting PPC may provide top down signals
-bridges sensory inputs (vision, touch) with motor planning, controlling spatial
awareness, attention, and decision-making.
Visual cortex and inferior temporal (IT) cortex:
- Has neural structures to represent and store, detailed visual content
- Growing evidence supports role of (more anterior) visual areas in working memory
pfc and temporo-parietal junction are which brodmann areas
pfc: 44
t: 40
what does it mean by delayed-response task for testing working memory
a subject is shown a stimulus (sample), followed by a blank interval (delay), and then
asked to choose or recall that stimulus from alternatives. working memory maintains
locaton of sample during delay period
Single-neuron recordings from lateral
prefrontal cortex of macaque monkeys shows what
monkeys performed delayed-response task
feeback connections vs recurrent neural networks
feedback connections: allows actitivty to flow in a loop
recurrent: any network with neurons that send feedback signals to each other
