Guide 2026/2027
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What are the major components of the upper motor system?
Motor cortex, brain stem, basal ganglia, and cerebellum.
What is the role of the motor cortex?
It mediates voluntary muscle movements and initiates motor tasks.
What are the two types of motor pathways?
Direct motor pathways and indirect motor pathways.
What is the function of the direct motor pathway?
It allows voluntary movements by sending signals from the motor cortex to alpha/cranial
motor neurons.
What is the function of the indirect motor pathway?
It mediates subconscious voluntary movements for posture and balance.
What is the role of the basal ganglia?
It coordinates movement by promoting desired movements and inhibiting unwanted
ones.
What are the two pathways of the basal ganglia?
Direct pathway (promotes movement) and indirect pathway (inhibits movement).
What is the function of the cerebellum in motor control?
It plans, anticipates, and compares movements to ensure accuracy.
What is the difference between feedback and feedforward posture?
Feedback posture adjusts body balance after a loss, while feedforward posture
anticipates adjustments before movements.
What is the role of the Golgi tendon organ?
It is activated by tendon stretch and helps regulate muscle contraction.
What are Type I and Type IIa/b motor units?
Motor units recruited based on the size principle; Type I are slow-twitch, Type IIa/b are
fast-twitch.
What is the primary motor cortex responsible for?