BIOL 1410 ACTUAL EXAM PAPER 2026
VERIFIED SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
◉ Gross Anatomy.
Answer: A subdivision of anatomy that deals with structures visible
to the unaided eye.
Example. Bones
◉ Micro anatomy.
Answer: A subdivision of anatomy which requires the use of a
microscope.
◉ Cytology.
Answer: Subdivision of micro anatomy:
The study of internal structures of individual cells. Cytologists study
internal structures of cells.
◉ Histology.
Answer: Subdivision of micro anatomy:
The study of tissues (groups of cells).
,◉ Chemical Level of Organization (1).
Answer: -Basic level
-Atoms (Ex. H and O atoms)
-Atoms join to form molecules (Ex. H2O, water)
◉ Cellular Level of Organization (2).
Answer: -Molecules form organelles which form cells
-The cell is the basic unit of structure and function of life
•All cells contain chemicals but functions may differ (Ex. Red blood
cells, neurons, muscle cells)
◉ Tissue Level of Organization (3).
Answer: -A group of structurally similar cells with a common
function
-4 major tissues:
a) Epithelium
b) Connective Tissue (CT)
c) Muscle
d) Nervous
◉ Organ Level of Organization (4).
Answer: 2 or more tissues working together for a common function
,Ex. The stomach uses all 4 major tissues; it's function is digestion.
◉ Organ System Level of Organization (5).
Answer: Several related organs that work together to accomplish a
common purpose.
Ex. The respiratory system uses the trachea, bronchi, lungs and more
to accomplish the function of respiration.
◉ Organism Level of Organization (6).
Answer: All organ systems function together to maintain life (human
being).
Note: Levels of organization is a hierarchy--each level contains those
below.
◉ Structure of an Atom.
Answer: The nucleus contains protons (p^+): positive charge, and
neurons (n^0): neutral charge. Electrons (e^-): negative charge,
orbit the nucleus.
Atoms are electrically neutral --> the number of protons is equal to
the number of electrons. Note that the number of neutrons may not
be equal to these.
◉ Ions.
, Answer: If an atom gains or loses an electron, it is no longer
electrically neutral and becomes an ion. Atoms that gain(s) an
electron(s) become negative ions and are called anions. Atoms that
lose an electron(s) become positive ions and are called cations.
◉ Important Ions (Electrolytes) (5).
Answer: 1) Calcium (Ca^++)
2) Sodium (Na^+)
3) Potassium (K^+)
4) Hydrogen (H^+)
5) Chloride (Cl^-)
◉ Chemical Bonds.
Answer: Bond (holds) atoms together to form molecules. They allow
the formation of chemical compounds that may be organic or
inorganic.
◉ Ionic Bond.
Answer: Type of chemical bond where ions are formed--electrons
transfer from one atom to another.
Ex. In NaCl, Na loses an electron while Cl gains an electron. The
positive (Na+) and negative (Cl-) ions attract, forming the bond. In
water, NaCl dissociates (dissolves/separates/ionizes) back into it's
ions (Na+, Cl-).
VERIFIED SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
◉ Gross Anatomy.
Answer: A subdivision of anatomy that deals with structures visible
to the unaided eye.
Example. Bones
◉ Micro anatomy.
Answer: A subdivision of anatomy which requires the use of a
microscope.
◉ Cytology.
Answer: Subdivision of micro anatomy:
The study of internal structures of individual cells. Cytologists study
internal structures of cells.
◉ Histology.
Answer: Subdivision of micro anatomy:
The study of tissues (groups of cells).
,◉ Chemical Level of Organization (1).
Answer: -Basic level
-Atoms (Ex. H and O atoms)
-Atoms join to form molecules (Ex. H2O, water)
◉ Cellular Level of Organization (2).
Answer: -Molecules form organelles which form cells
-The cell is the basic unit of structure and function of life
•All cells contain chemicals but functions may differ (Ex. Red blood
cells, neurons, muscle cells)
◉ Tissue Level of Organization (3).
Answer: -A group of structurally similar cells with a common
function
-4 major tissues:
a) Epithelium
b) Connective Tissue (CT)
c) Muscle
d) Nervous
◉ Organ Level of Organization (4).
Answer: 2 or more tissues working together for a common function
,Ex. The stomach uses all 4 major tissues; it's function is digestion.
◉ Organ System Level of Organization (5).
Answer: Several related organs that work together to accomplish a
common purpose.
Ex. The respiratory system uses the trachea, bronchi, lungs and more
to accomplish the function of respiration.
◉ Organism Level of Organization (6).
Answer: All organ systems function together to maintain life (human
being).
Note: Levels of organization is a hierarchy--each level contains those
below.
◉ Structure of an Atom.
Answer: The nucleus contains protons (p^+): positive charge, and
neurons (n^0): neutral charge. Electrons (e^-): negative charge,
orbit the nucleus.
Atoms are electrically neutral --> the number of protons is equal to
the number of electrons. Note that the number of neutrons may not
be equal to these.
◉ Ions.
, Answer: If an atom gains or loses an electron, it is no longer
electrically neutral and becomes an ion. Atoms that gain(s) an
electron(s) become negative ions and are called anions. Atoms that
lose an electron(s) become positive ions and are called cations.
◉ Important Ions (Electrolytes) (5).
Answer: 1) Calcium (Ca^++)
2) Sodium (Na^+)
3) Potassium (K^+)
4) Hydrogen (H^+)
5) Chloride (Cl^-)
◉ Chemical Bonds.
Answer: Bond (holds) atoms together to form molecules. They allow
the formation of chemical compounds that may be organic or
inorganic.
◉ Ionic Bond.
Answer: Type of chemical bond where ions are formed--electrons
transfer from one atom to another.
Ex. In NaCl, Na loses an electron while Cl gains an electron. The
positive (Na+) and negative (Cl-) ions attract, forming the bond. In
water, NaCl dissociates (dissolves/separates/ionizes) back into it's
ions (Na+, Cl-).
