BIOL 1410 EXAMINATION PAPER 2026
COMPLETE Q&A GRADED A+
◉ Interphase.
Answer: Chromosomes are present as chromatin and normal
cellular metabolic activities are occurring.
Ex. Protein synthesis
◉ G1 Phase.
Answer: First stage of interphase, growth and metabolism are
occurring. In the end, centrosomes are replicated.
Note: Most cells do not divide again once mature--> remain
permanently in G1; in these cells it is termed G0.
◉ S Phase.
Answer: -Second phase of interphase
-Chromosomes replicate, but are still present as chromatin (not
individually visible)
-ALWAYS occurs before division (mitosis and meiosis)
-Replicates are called sister chromatids
•Attach to each other at area of DNA called the centromere
,◉ Kinetochore.
Answer: When kinetochore proteins (produced during S Phase)
attach to each centromere of sister chromatids, kinetochore is
formed (= protein + DNA complex, 1/chromatid). This is the site of
attachment of single microtubules.
◉ G2 Phase.
Answer: Third phase of interphase, this is a period of growth,
metabolism, and production of enzymes and other proteins needed
for cell division.
◉ Mitosis.
Answer: First part of Mitotic (M) Phase, division of nuclear material
(Xms) occurs. There are four phases: Prophase, Metaphase,
Anaphase and Telophase, but it is a continuous process.
◉ Cytokinesis.
Answer: Second part of Mitotic (M) Phase, division of cytoplasm
occurs.
◉ End of M Phase.
Answer: -Both mitosis and cytokinesis complete
-Daughter cells go into interphase (G1)
, -Cycle starts over
◉ Prophase.
Answer: -Chromosomes condense (thicken, coil) from chromatin
form and become individually visible
-Nucleoli/ nuclear envelope disappear
-Centrosomes move to either pole
-Microtubules form spindle apparatus (starting at centrosomes) and
attach to kinetochore proteins (called kinetochore microtubules)
•Spindle moves chromosomes to cell equator
◉ Metaphase.
Answer: 46 chromosomes line up at the equator of the cell.
◉ Anaphase.
Answer: -As the spindle microtubules shorten, the kinetochores are
pulled away from each other, causing separation of centromeres,
which results in the separation of the chromatids
-46 chromatids migrate to each pole
-Cytokinesis begins
◉ Telophase.
Answer: -Chromosomes de-condense to chromatin
COMPLETE Q&A GRADED A+
◉ Interphase.
Answer: Chromosomes are present as chromatin and normal
cellular metabolic activities are occurring.
Ex. Protein synthesis
◉ G1 Phase.
Answer: First stage of interphase, growth and metabolism are
occurring. In the end, centrosomes are replicated.
Note: Most cells do not divide again once mature--> remain
permanently in G1; in these cells it is termed G0.
◉ S Phase.
Answer: -Second phase of interphase
-Chromosomes replicate, but are still present as chromatin (not
individually visible)
-ALWAYS occurs before division (mitosis and meiosis)
-Replicates are called sister chromatids
•Attach to each other at area of DNA called the centromere
,◉ Kinetochore.
Answer: When kinetochore proteins (produced during S Phase)
attach to each centromere of sister chromatids, kinetochore is
formed (= protein + DNA complex, 1/chromatid). This is the site of
attachment of single microtubules.
◉ G2 Phase.
Answer: Third phase of interphase, this is a period of growth,
metabolism, and production of enzymes and other proteins needed
for cell division.
◉ Mitosis.
Answer: First part of Mitotic (M) Phase, division of nuclear material
(Xms) occurs. There are four phases: Prophase, Metaphase,
Anaphase and Telophase, but it is a continuous process.
◉ Cytokinesis.
Answer: Second part of Mitotic (M) Phase, division of cytoplasm
occurs.
◉ End of M Phase.
Answer: -Both mitosis and cytokinesis complete
-Daughter cells go into interphase (G1)
, -Cycle starts over
◉ Prophase.
Answer: -Chromosomes condense (thicken, coil) from chromatin
form and become individually visible
-Nucleoli/ nuclear envelope disappear
-Centrosomes move to either pole
-Microtubules form spindle apparatus (starting at centrosomes) and
attach to kinetochore proteins (called kinetochore microtubules)
•Spindle moves chromosomes to cell equator
◉ Metaphase.
Answer: 46 chromosomes line up at the equator of the cell.
◉ Anaphase.
Answer: -As the spindle microtubules shorten, the kinetochores are
pulled away from each other, causing separation of centromeres,
which results in the separation of the chromatids
-46 chromatids migrate to each pole
-Cytokinesis begins
◉ Telophase.
Answer: -Chromosomes de-condense to chromatin
