ARDMS ABDOMEN TESTS COMPILATION
BUNDLE 2026 CERTIFICATION
EVALUATION QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
ANSWERS VERIFIED CONTENT GRADED A+
⩥ Left lobe of the liver is separated from the caudate lobe by what?
Answer: ligamentum venosum
⩥ Right lobe of the liver is divided into anterior and posterior segments
by what?
Answer: Right hepatic vein
⩥ Main lobar fissure
Answer: The main lobar fissure separates the right and left lobes of the
liver.
It is visualized sonographically as an echogenic linear structure
extending from the portal vein to the neck of the gallbladder
**landmark for identifying the gallbladder
⩥ Falciform ligament
Answer: Attaches the liver to the anterior abdominal wall
Extends from the diaphragm to the umbilicus
,Separate the right and left subphrenic spaces
⩥ Ligamentum venosum
Answer: The ligamentum venosum is a remnant of the fetal ductus
venosus. It divides the caudate lobe from the left lobe.
⩥ Ligamentum teres
Answer: Lies within the falciform ligament, remnant of the fetal
umbilical vein***, courses within the left intersegmental fissure,
dividing the left lobe into medial and lateral segments
⩥ Main Portal Vein diameter should not exceed:
Answer: 13 mm or 1.3 cm
⩥ Hepatomegaly
Answer: Etiology: congestive heart failure, inflammatory processes,
polycystic disease, fatty infiltration, biliary obstruction, neoplasm, budd-
chiari syndrome
Sonographic characteristics: Length exceeding 18 cm, Anterior-posterior
diameter exceeding 15 cm
⩥ Alkaline Phosphatase
Answer: An enzyme produced primarily by the liver, bone, and placenta
and excreted through the bile ducts
,Marked elevation is associated with obstructive jaundice
⩥ Alpha-fetoprotein
Answer: A protein normally synthesized by the liver, yolk sack, and GI
tract of the fetus
Nonspecific marker for malignancy
⩥ Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT)
Answer: An enzyme found in large concentration in the liver and lower
concentrations in the heart, muscle, and kidneys
Remains elevated longer than AST
Elevation associated with cirrhosis, hepatitis, and biliary obstruction
Mild elevation associated with liver mets
⩥ Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST)
Answer: An enzyme present in many types of tissues that is released
when cells are damaged or injured; levels will be proportional to the
amount of damage and time between cell injury and testing
Associated with hepatitis, cirrhosis, and Mononucleosis
⩥ Prothrombin time
Answer: Normal clotting time is 10-15 seconds
enzyme produced by the liver
, production depends on amount of Vitamin K
elevation associated with cirrhosis, malignancy, malabsorption of
Vitamin K, and clotting failure
Decreases with subacute or acute cholecystitis, internal biliary fistula,
carcinoma of the GB, injury to the bile ducts, and prolonged extrahepatic
biliary obstruction
⩥ Hepatic Candidiasis
Answer: Fungal infection
Immune-suppressed patients, Fever, chills, abdominal pain, palpable
liver
Uniformly hypoechoic lesions within the liver parenchyma, thick wall
margins, hepatomegaly, may demonstrate a target or "wheel within a
wheel," hyperechoic lesions with posterior shadowing
⩥ Echinococcal cyst
Answer: Parasitic infection (Echinococcus granulosum)
***Sheep farmers
RUQ pain, fever, leukocytosis, hepatomegaly, elevated alkaline
phosphatase
Septated cystic mass (honeycomb appearance)
Mobile internal echoes (snowflakes)
Cyst containing small cysts (daughter cysts)
BUNDLE 2026 CERTIFICATION
EVALUATION QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
ANSWERS VERIFIED CONTENT GRADED A+
⩥ Left lobe of the liver is separated from the caudate lobe by what?
Answer: ligamentum venosum
⩥ Right lobe of the liver is divided into anterior and posterior segments
by what?
Answer: Right hepatic vein
⩥ Main lobar fissure
Answer: The main lobar fissure separates the right and left lobes of the
liver.
It is visualized sonographically as an echogenic linear structure
extending from the portal vein to the neck of the gallbladder
**landmark for identifying the gallbladder
⩥ Falciform ligament
Answer: Attaches the liver to the anterior abdominal wall
Extends from the diaphragm to the umbilicus
,Separate the right and left subphrenic spaces
⩥ Ligamentum venosum
Answer: The ligamentum venosum is a remnant of the fetal ductus
venosus. It divides the caudate lobe from the left lobe.
⩥ Ligamentum teres
Answer: Lies within the falciform ligament, remnant of the fetal
umbilical vein***, courses within the left intersegmental fissure,
dividing the left lobe into medial and lateral segments
⩥ Main Portal Vein diameter should not exceed:
Answer: 13 mm or 1.3 cm
⩥ Hepatomegaly
Answer: Etiology: congestive heart failure, inflammatory processes,
polycystic disease, fatty infiltration, biliary obstruction, neoplasm, budd-
chiari syndrome
Sonographic characteristics: Length exceeding 18 cm, Anterior-posterior
diameter exceeding 15 cm
⩥ Alkaline Phosphatase
Answer: An enzyme produced primarily by the liver, bone, and placenta
and excreted through the bile ducts
,Marked elevation is associated with obstructive jaundice
⩥ Alpha-fetoprotein
Answer: A protein normally synthesized by the liver, yolk sack, and GI
tract of the fetus
Nonspecific marker for malignancy
⩥ Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT)
Answer: An enzyme found in large concentration in the liver and lower
concentrations in the heart, muscle, and kidneys
Remains elevated longer than AST
Elevation associated with cirrhosis, hepatitis, and biliary obstruction
Mild elevation associated with liver mets
⩥ Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST)
Answer: An enzyme present in many types of tissues that is released
when cells are damaged or injured; levels will be proportional to the
amount of damage and time between cell injury and testing
Associated with hepatitis, cirrhosis, and Mononucleosis
⩥ Prothrombin time
Answer: Normal clotting time is 10-15 seconds
enzyme produced by the liver
, production depends on amount of Vitamin K
elevation associated with cirrhosis, malignancy, malabsorption of
Vitamin K, and clotting failure
Decreases with subacute or acute cholecystitis, internal biliary fistula,
carcinoma of the GB, injury to the bile ducts, and prolonged extrahepatic
biliary obstruction
⩥ Hepatic Candidiasis
Answer: Fungal infection
Immune-suppressed patients, Fever, chills, abdominal pain, palpable
liver
Uniformly hypoechoic lesions within the liver parenchyma, thick wall
margins, hepatomegaly, may demonstrate a target or "wheel within a
wheel," hyperechoic lesions with posterior shadowing
⩥ Echinococcal cyst
Answer: Parasitic infection (Echinococcus granulosum)
***Sheep farmers
RUQ pain, fever, leukocytosis, hepatomegaly, elevated alkaline
phosphatase
Septated cystic mass (honeycomb appearance)
Mobile internal echoes (snowflakes)
Cyst containing small cysts (daughter cysts)
