2026 QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS
GRADED A+
◍ human resource.
Answer: the ____ of an organization - have been, are, and will continue to
be, the major challenge and critical competitive advantage
◍ paradigm shift.
Answer: Theory X -> Theory Y; Industrial -> Service -> Knowledge
◍ One-eighth rule.
Answer: 1/2 of managers believe in importance of human side of enterprise;
1/2 of those (1/4) actually take steps to implement; 1/2 of those (1/8)
execute their steps long enough to see results
◍ HPWP.
Answer: high performance work practices; pay for performance,
self-managed teams, 360/multi-sourced feedback systems
◍ globalization, diversity, ethics.
Answer: ___, ___ and ___ serve as very important environmental or
contextual dimensions for organizational behavior.
◍ EBM.
Answer: Evidence based management; resolution to the knowing-doing gap.
Those who understand the research and put it into practice will beat out
those who are stuck talking about what to do next.
◍ Hawthorne Studies.
Answer: First studies into OB; Showed that human behavior and motivation
are complex
,◍ Hawthorne Studies - OG phase.
Answer: Trying to study the effects of room lighting on performance.
Showed that the change in lighting did not affect performance, in fact both
test and control group increased production.
◍ Hawthorne Studes - Relay Room.
Answer: 2nd phase in the study. Add in variables they thought would impact
performance like method of payment and hours worked, but still the results
were the same.
◍ Hawthorne Studies - Bank Wiring Room.
Answer: 3rd phase. This time they did not add variables like the 2nd phase
and they used the regular supervisors. There was no increase in productivity.
This is because of informal group norm.
◍ human resources.
Answer: management of ____ through extensive training and techniques
such as empowerment resulted in performance benefits, but operational
initiatives such as total quality management or advanced manufacturing
technology did not.
◍ Informal Group Norm.
Answer: Group decides what an honest day's work is. Even if more
production = more pay and greater job security, social pressures restrict
output.
◍ Results of Hawthorne Studies.
Answer: Some people discredit these because of Hawthorne effect =
interesting/novel experience and attention led to increased productivity. But
the polls of participants show this isn't the only factor. Participants preferred
relay room over bank wiring room because of group size, supervision, and
earnings as reasons 1-3. Only reasons 4-6 have to do with Hawthorne effect.
◍ Theory.
Answer: Answers why, explains causal relationships
, ◍ Internal Validity.
Answer: Need to prove that there were no outside factors to prove causation.
◍ External Validity.
Answer: Need to prove that the results do not apply to just your subset, but
to everyone everywhere
◍ OT.
Answer: Org Theory; Macro, Theoretical
◍ human capital.
Answer: At first employees were considered a cost, then human resources,
and now are becoming widely recognized as ____ (what you know -
education, experience, skills)
◍ social capital.
Answer: who you know - networks, connections, friends
◍ OD.
Answer: Org Dev; Macro, Applied
◍ positive psychological capital.
Answer: who you are in terms of confidence, hope, optimism, resiliency,
and who you can become, authentic self
◍ Cognitive Approach.
Answer: An approach to psychology emphasizing the mental processes
involved in knowing: people have free will and make their own unique
decisions
◍ cognition.
Answer: knowing piece of information
◍ Hawthorne studies.
Answer: ____, which are generally recognized to be the beginning of the
systematic study and understanding of organizational behavior
◍ behavioristic theory.
Answer: Stimulus -> Response