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CARDIOLOGY AND NEPHROLOGY PHARMACOLOGY UPDATED SCRIPT 2026 PRACTICE SOLUTIONS GRADED A+

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CARDIOLOGY AND NEPHROLOGY PHARMACOLOGY UPDATED SCRIPT 2026 PRACTICE SOLUTIONS GRADED A+

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CARDIOLOGY AND NEPHROLOGY
Course
CARDIOLOGY AND NEPHROLOGY

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CARDIOLOGY AND NEPHROLOGY
PHARMACOLOGY UPDATED SCRIPT 2026
PRACTICE SOLUTIONS GRADED A+

● Cardiac Output. Answer: CO = HR × Stroke Volume


● Kidney Functions. Answer: Regulate fluid, Regulate electrolytes (Na,
K), Control BP (RAAS), Maintain acid-base, Remove waste


● Kidney Failure Effects. Answer: Fluid overload, Hyperkalemia,
Acidosis, ↑ BUN/Creatinine


● Loop Diuretics. Answer: Example: Furosemide, Strongest, ↓ K, Risk:
hypokalemia, ototoxicity


● Thiazide Diuretics. Answer: Example: Hydrochlorothiazide, First-line
HTN, ↓ K, ↑ Glucose, ↑ Uric acid


● Potassium-Sparing Diuretics. Answer: Example: Spironolactone,
Blocks aldosterone, ↑ K, Risk: hyperkalemia


● Hypertension Target Organs. Answer: Brain, Heart, Kidneys, Eyes
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  • cardiology and nephrology pharmacology updated scr
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