NSG 533 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
EXAM 3 FINAL PAPER 2026 STUDY GUIDE
DETAILED ANSWERS READY
◉ Is a very efficient method of ATP production (yields 36 ATP)
Answer: Oxidative Phosphorylation
◉ What is the most common method of impairing oxygen and ATP
production?
Answer: hypoxia
◉ Can lead to irreversible cell injury directly through impairment of
energy production in the cell.
Answer: Ischemia
◉ What are the cellular events that occur with ischemia-induced-
hypoxic injury?
Answer: 1. The amount of ATP production within the mitochondria
declines
2. The drop in ATP causes NA-K- ATPase pump on CM to fail. Which
then leads to increase in NA+,H2O, and Ca+ in cell and decrease in
K+ in cell.
3. Increase in water in cell causes cell and it's organelles to swell.
,4. When RER swell it's ribosomes fall off and protein synthesis stops.
5. ATP production through phosphorylation declines and glycolysis
(anaerobic metabolism) increases. When glycolysis increases in the
cell glycogen stores are depleted.
6. Glycolysis also produces lactic acid as by-product. Glycolysis also =
intracellular pH decline ( the cell functions within narrow range of
pH and even slight drop can incapacitate the cell).
7. Drop in pH causes clumping of nuclear material called pyknosis.
Leads to fragmentation of the nuclear material (karyorrhexis) and
then to dissolution of nuclear membrane (karyolysis). Decline in
pH= rupture of already swollen lysosomes and release of proteolytic
enzymes= autodigestion of cell contents and cell membrane.
8. Disruption of CM also increases Ca+ influx into the cell and
organelles= activate proteases, endonucleases, and phospholipases
that proceed to destroy the cell.
◉ Unstable compounds with an unpaired electron in its outer ring.
They have a particular affinity for lipid substances. They combine
avidly with cell or organelle membrane. "Drill a hole" in the
membrane of cell. They are normal byproducts of cellular
metabolism, and they are always present in the body.
Answer: Free radicals
◉ Chemically reactive molecules that are formed as natural oxidant
species in cells during mitochondrial respiration and energy
, generation. Most sources come from the mitochondria. Made during
the process of making ATP.
Answer: Reactive oxygen species (ROS)
◉ Remove free radicals and ROS from our system.
Answer: Antioxidants
◉ When free radicals are produced in amounts that overwhelm our
antioxidants or when antioxidants are decreased.
Answer: Oxidative Stress
◉ What can occur within the cell when injury is induced by free
radicals?
Answer: 1. membrane damage
2. protein modifications
3. mutations in DNA
4. Damage to cell signaling pathways
◉ Genetic disturbances can be _______ if they involve the germ cell
line of an individual
Answer: inherited
EXAM 3 FINAL PAPER 2026 STUDY GUIDE
DETAILED ANSWERS READY
◉ Is a very efficient method of ATP production (yields 36 ATP)
Answer: Oxidative Phosphorylation
◉ What is the most common method of impairing oxygen and ATP
production?
Answer: hypoxia
◉ Can lead to irreversible cell injury directly through impairment of
energy production in the cell.
Answer: Ischemia
◉ What are the cellular events that occur with ischemia-induced-
hypoxic injury?
Answer: 1. The amount of ATP production within the mitochondria
declines
2. The drop in ATP causes NA-K- ATPase pump on CM to fail. Which
then leads to increase in NA+,H2O, and Ca+ in cell and decrease in
K+ in cell.
3. Increase in water in cell causes cell and it's organelles to swell.
,4. When RER swell it's ribosomes fall off and protein synthesis stops.
5. ATP production through phosphorylation declines and glycolysis
(anaerobic metabolism) increases. When glycolysis increases in the
cell glycogen stores are depleted.
6. Glycolysis also produces lactic acid as by-product. Glycolysis also =
intracellular pH decline ( the cell functions within narrow range of
pH and even slight drop can incapacitate the cell).
7. Drop in pH causes clumping of nuclear material called pyknosis.
Leads to fragmentation of the nuclear material (karyorrhexis) and
then to dissolution of nuclear membrane (karyolysis). Decline in
pH= rupture of already swollen lysosomes and release of proteolytic
enzymes= autodigestion of cell contents and cell membrane.
8. Disruption of CM also increases Ca+ influx into the cell and
organelles= activate proteases, endonucleases, and phospholipases
that proceed to destroy the cell.
◉ Unstable compounds with an unpaired electron in its outer ring.
They have a particular affinity for lipid substances. They combine
avidly with cell or organelle membrane. "Drill a hole" in the
membrane of cell. They are normal byproducts of cellular
metabolism, and they are always present in the body.
Answer: Free radicals
◉ Chemically reactive molecules that are formed as natural oxidant
species in cells during mitochondrial respiration and energy
, generation. Most sources come from the mitochondria. Made during
the process of making ATP.
Answer: Reactive oxygen species (ROS)
◉ Remove free radicals and ROS from our system.
Answer: Antioxidants
◉ When free radicals are produced in amounts that overwhelm our
antioxidants or when antioxidants are decreased.
Answer: Oxidative Stress
◉ What can occur within the cell when injury is induced by free
radicals?
Answer: 1. membrane damage
2. protein modifications
3. mutations in DNA
4. Damage to cell signaling pathways
◉ Genetic disturbances can be _______ if they involve the germ cell
line of an individual
Answer: inherited
